264例汶川地震丧亲者孤独感与其家庭功能的相关关系研究

目的 探讨丧亲者孤独感与家庭功能相关关系.方法 采用便利抽样,使用家庭关怀度问卷(APGAR)和UCLA孤独量表,对264名汶川地震丧亲者的孤独感和家庭功能进行问卷调查.结果丧亲者孤独感均分( 42.06±9.96)分,50％以上丧亲者体验到中等水平的孤独感;孤独感在性别方面差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),在年龄、经济状况、婚姻状态和家庭结构方面差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);丧亲者孤独感与家庭功能呈负相关(P＜0.01).结论孤独感是丧亲者普遍存在的心理问题且处于中等水平;丧亲者的家庭功能从不同侧面对其孤独感产生影响,良好的家庭功能有助于减轻孤独感.     

Predictors of nurse absenteeism in hospitals: a systematic review

Aim  This study aimed to identify and examine predictors of short-term absences of staff nurses working in hospital settings reported in the research literature.
Background  Front-line staff nurse absenteeism contributes to discontinuity of patient care, decreased staff morale and is costly to healthcare.
Evaluation  A systematic review of studies from 1986 to 2006, obtained through electronic searches of 10 online databases led to inclusion of 16 peer-reviewed research articles. Seventy potential predictors of absenteeism were examined and analysed using content analysis.
Key issue  Our findings showed that individual 'nurses' prior attendance records', 'work attitudes' (job satisfaction, organizational commitment and work/job involvement) and 'retention factors' reduced nurse absenteeism, whereas 'burnout' and 'job stress' increased absenteeism. Remaining factors examined in the literature did not significantly predict nurse absenteeism.
Conclusions  Reasons underlying absenteeism among staff nurses are still poorly understood. Lack of robust theory about nursing absenteeism may underlie the inconsistent results found in this review. Further theory development and research is required to explore the determinants of short-term absenteeism of nurses in acute care hospitals.
Implications for nursing management  Work environment factors that increase nurses' job satisfaction, and reduce burnout and job stress need to be considered in managing staff nurse absenteeism.     

扩增片段长度多态性分析用于霍乱弧菌分子分型的方法建立和应用评价

目的建立霍乱弧菌的基于红外荧光标记引物的扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)分型方法,评价脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)和AFLP对霍乱弧菌的分型能力。方法选择PFGE带型均不相同的47株霍乱弧菌作为评价菌株,建立AFLP对于霍乱弧菌的分型方法;确定操作程序后选择83株分离自1962-2005年11个省的霍乱弧菌,进行AFLP和PFGE对于霍乱弧菌分型能力的比较。AFLP分型方法采用了红外荧光标记PCR引物,利用LI-COR4300自动测序仪完成电泳、SagaMX软件对电泳图谱进行编辑。PFGE采用PulseNet提供的标准化程序。结果AFLP用于霍乱弧菌分型时选择性引物携带碱基数为1,最优引物组合为EcoRⅠ-G／MseⅠ-T,AFLP分型实验的重复性达到99．2％。AFLP将83株霍乱弧菌分为52个型别,D值为0．9545;PFGE将此83株菌分为44种带型,D值为0．9251。结论优化固定了AFLP对于霍乱弧菌的分型程序,重复性好;AFLP比PFGE具有更好的分型能力,能够用于分离菌株的分子分型。结合已成为实验室网络监测标准分析方法的PFGE,可对分离株做更细致的分型比较。     

大豆蛋白体外酶解物中血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂活性肽研究

目的:体外模仿部分胃肠道消化酶解过程,考察大豆蛋白酶解消化能否产生血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)活性肽及其活性状况,以揭示大豆蛋白体内消化酶解与ACEI的活性关系。方法:模拟人体胃肠道消化过程,以胃蛋白酶结合胰蛋白酶,相继酶解大豆分离蛋白(SPI),经色谱分离,动态检测不同阶段ACEI肽片段及其活性大小。结果:胃蛋白酶酶解过程前20min内,酶解液ACEI活性达到最高点,随后在胰蛋白酶酶解阶段其抑制活性下降。180min后的酶解产物,其半抑制活性浓度IC50值为0.28±0.06 mg/ml。同时,未经酶解的SPI液在0.73mg/ml时无ACEI活性。SPI酶解液经各种色谱分离后的组分,其IC50值从0.13±0.03到0.93±0.08 mg/ml。低分子量和伴有疏水性基团的肽类最具ACE抑制活性。结论:体外模仿胃肠消化过程使用胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶酶解SPI可产生不同ACEI活性的肽片段,说明人体正常摄食消化大豆蛋白可产生血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂活性肽。     

Palpable lymph nodes of the neck in Swedish schoolchildren

We studied 3592 Swedish schoolchildren, 8 or 9 years old, examined for palpable submandibular, cervical and supraclavicular lymph nodes. All children were skin tested with 2 TU PPD RT23 and with 0.1 μ g of Mycobacterium avium sensitin or 0.1 μ g of M. scrofulaceum sensitin. A total of 991 children had palpable lymph nodes in any of the three locations. Among them, 811 had lymph nodes in one location, 162 in two locations and 18 in three. In 312 children, the lymph nodes were ± 5 mm in size in any location. The most common location was submandibular. Boys had a significantly higher prevalence of palpable lymph nodes than girls. There was also seasonal variation. Children infected by atypical mycobacteria (sensitin reaction ±6 mm) did not have a higher prevalence of palpable lymph nodes than those not infected.     

Relationship between age and clinical characteristics of patients with gastric cancer

The relationship between the prognosis and age of patients with gastric cancer is controversial. To evaluate whether there is a biological characteristic specific to the age of patients, we examined the clinical characteristics of patients with gastric cancer with special reference to their age. Based on a prospective database, a retrospective study of 419 patients who underwent radical gastrectomy for cure in the past 6 years was conducted. Clinical characteristics including gender, gross appearance of the tumour (Borrmann's classification, tumour location), histopathology (depth of tumour invasion, lymph node status, Lauren's classification and degree of tumour cell differentiation) and TNM tumour stage were analysed in six different age groups (< 39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, > 80 years). The mean age of the 419 patients was 64.6 years (range from 26–91) and the peak age incidence of gastric cancer (46.3%) was in the 60–69 year old age group. The male: female ratio was 4.6: 1 on the whole and male gender predominated at ages > 60. The proportion of diffuse type tumours (68.4%) by Lauren's criteria in the young age group (< 39 yrs) decreased with age (25% in the > 80 years group; P<0.001). Similarly, the proportion of poorly-differentiated tumours (89.5%) in the young age group (< 39 yrs) decreased with advancing age (P<0.001). These findings suggest that both diffuse type and poorly-differentiated tumours predominate in younger patients and, without considering the factor of delay in diagnosis, may explain the poorer prognosis demonstrated in younger patients.     

An evaluation of freestanding alcoholism treatment for Medicare recipients

The Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) conducted a demonstration between 1982 and 1985 to test the feasibility of providing payments for alcoholism treatment services to Medicare and Medicaid recipients in specially selected freestanding facilities. This study of the Medicare part of the demonstration answers two questions: do freestanding facilities save money for Medicare and do their patients have lower health care utilization following imitation of treatment than patients treated in hospital-bated facilities? The statistical methodology is a logit and cluster approach. The analysis begins with a logistic regression model to predict the probability of patients seeking alcoholism treatment in either the demonstration (freestanding facility) or hospital-based cohort. The statistically significant variables from logit analysis are then used to form clusters. The health expenditure of freestanding and hospital patients are compared within homogeneous clusters. This study shows that the number of admissions, the average length of stay, and the average monthly health expenditures following the start of treatment are lower for the group treated in the freestanding facilities. The conclusion is that for some persons with alcohol problems, treatment in freestanding facilities is less costly and leads to lower subsequent health care utilization than treatment in hospitals.     

From open to laparoscopic adrenalectomy:a review of 16-year experience

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