A 3-D model-based registration approach for the PET,MR and MCG cardiac data fusion

In this paper, a new approach is presented for the assessment of a 3-D anatomical and functional model of the heart including structural information from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional information from positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetocardiography (MCG). The method uses model-based co-registration of MR and PET images and marker-based registration for MRI and MCG. Model-based segmentation of MR anatomical images results in an individualized 3-D biventricular model of the heart including functional parameters from PET and MCG in an easily interpretable 3-D form.     

Enzymic degradation of a beta-lactam antibiotic,ampicillin, in the gut: a novel treatment modality

Antibiotics can cause severe alterations in the gut microflora and promote diarrhoea and overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria. The present study investigated the potency of targeted recombinant beta-lactamase (TRBL) to degrade a beta-lactam antibiotic in the jejunum of fistula-operated beagles. We used different peroral doses of purified beta-lactamase (PenP) of Bacillus licheniformis in enteric-coated pellets together with intravenous ampicillin. Serum and jejunal samples were collected for ampicillin and beta-lactamase analysis. A dose-response effect of TRBL on ampicillin concentrations in the jejunal samples could be observed. The highest doses applied decreased the jejunal ampicillin concentrations to undetectable levels. In the serum samples, the ampicillin concentrations were not affected by the beta-lactamase dose used. Our results indicate that it may be possible to evolve a targeted treatment to degrade beta-lactam antibiotics intestinally and, thus, decrease antibiotic-induced adverse effects on the gut microflora.     

Cardiac involvement in Mulibrey nanism: characterization with magnetic resonance imaging.

Mulibrey nanism (MUL) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is enriched in the Finnish population. Variable degrees of pericardial and myocardial involvement can lead to heart failure and premature death. The purpose of this study was using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess structural and functional abnormalities of the MUL cardiopathy in all four cardiac chambers as well as in the pericardium. Thirty-one patients with MUL (mean age 27, range 15-50 years) and 16 controls (mean age 31, range 19-45 years) were examined with a Siemens Vision 1.5-T imager. Ten patients had undergone pericardiectomies to relieve symptoms of constrictive pericarditis. In surgery performed 0.5-25 years before MRI, the removed pericardium was found to be thickened and consisting of scarlike fibrosis. Turbo spin echo images were obtained for assessment of pericardial thickness, and breath hold left ventricular (LV) short axis and four-chamber cine images were obtained for the volumetric data. In MRI, pericardial thickness was normal (under 3.4 mm) in all patients with MUL. In the 10 pericardiectomized patients, the remnants of the pericardium were of normal thickness as well. The LV septum (p = 0.01) and posterior wall (p<0.001) were hypertrophied and end-diastolic volumes of both ventricles (p<0.05) were reduced in all patients. The LV systolic function was preserved. The volume chance during the first third of diastole (p = 0.030), the absolute peak filling rate (p = 0.047), and the time to peak rate of LV diastolic filling (p = 0.030) indicated restrictive LV diastolic filling. The right ventricular ejection fraction and contraction of both atria were reduced.     

Mental disorders among acute burn patients

Objective

To investigate mental disorders among acute hospitalized burn patients.

Method

Consecutive acute adult burn patients (n = 107) admitted to Helsinki Burn Centre were interviewed by an experienced psychiatrist with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR for Axis I and II mental disorders assessed in three time frames (lifetime, the month prior to burn, and in acute care). Information on clinical features, psychiatric symptoms, personality traits, and burn severity (total body surface area, TBSA) was gathered.

Results

The mean TBSA was 9%. Most (61%) acute burn patients had at least one lifetime Axis I or II mental disorder. Prevalences of lifetime substance-related disorders (47%), psychotic disorders (10%), and Axis II personality disorders (23%) were high. The overall prevalence of Axis I mental disorders increased significantly (Q = 6.40, df = 1, p = 0.011) from the month prior to burn (40%) to acute care (48%). The prevalence of delirium for this period was significantly higher (0.9% vs. 13%; Q = 13.00, df = 1, p < 0.001) in acute care.

Conclusions

Mental disorders, particularly substance use disorders, psychotic disorders, and personality disorders are common among acute burn patients before injury. These disorders may predispose to burns. Burn itself may also predispose to mental disorders, particularly delirium.     

Foetal Exposure to Food and Environmental Carcinogens in Human Beings

Abstract: Exposure to many different chemicals during pregnancy through maternal circulation is possible. Transplacental transfer of xenobiotics can be demonstrated using human placental perfusion. Also, placental perfusion can give information about the placental kinetics as well as metabolism and accumulation in the placenta because it retains the tissue structure and function. Although human placental perfusion has been used extensively to study the transplacental transfer of drugs, the information on food and environmental carcinogens is much more limited. This review deals with the foetal exposure to food and environmental carcinogens in human beings. In particular, human transplacental transfer of the food carcinogens such as acrylamide, glycidamide and nitrosodimethylamine are in focus. Because these carcinogens are genotoxic, the functional capacity of human placenta to induce DNA adduct formation or metabolize these above mentioned CYP2E1 substrates is of interest in this context.     

Alexithymia and occupational burnout are strongly associated in working population

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between alexithymia and occupational burnout has not previously been studied. We investigated the association between alexithymia and occupational burnout in a representative nationwide population health study. METHODS: This study was a part of the Finnish Health 2000 Study. The nationally representative sample comprised 3322 employees aged 30-64 years. Alexithymia was measured with the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and occupational burnout with the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey. Sociodemographic and health-related variables including depression were treated as confounders in the logistic regression analyses, which were performed alternately with TAS-20 total score and the scores of the three TAS-20 factor scales as alexithymia variables. RESULTS: Alexithymia and its three facets were significantly associated with occupational burnout even when controlled for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: Even though both alexithymia and depression are associated with burnout, alexithymia may be an independent risk factor for occupational burnout.     

Liver fat in the metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND: The liver, once fatty, overproduces components of the metabolic syndrome, such as glucose and lipids. The amount of liver fat in subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome has not been determined. It is unknown which clinically available markers best reflect liver fat content. MEASUREMENTS: Components of the metabolic syndrome as defined by the International Diabetes Federation and liver fat content by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy were measured in 271 nondiabetic subjects (162 women, 109 men). In addition, other features of insulin resistance (serum insulin, C-peptide), intraabdominal and sc fat by magnetic resonance imaging, and liver enzymes (serum alanine aminotransferase and serum aspartate aminotransferase) were measured. RESULTS: Liver fat was 4-fold higher in subjects with [n = 116; median 8.2% (interquartile range 3.2-18.7%)] than without [n = 155; 2.0% (1.0-5.0%); P < 0.0001] the metabolic syndrome. This increase in liver fat remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, and body mass index. All components of the metabolic syndrome correlated with liver fat content. The best correlate was waist in both women (r = 0.59, P < 0.0001) and men (r = 0.56, P < 0.0001). Liver fat correlated significantly with serum alanine aminotransferase (r = 0.39, P < 0.0001 for women; r = 0.44, P < 0.0001 for men) and aspartate aminotransferase (r = 0.27, P = 0.0005 for women; r = 0.31, P = 0.0012 for men) concentrations. The best correlates of liver fat were fasting serum insulin (r = 0.61; P < 0.0001 for both women and men) and C-peptide (r = 0.62; P < 0.0001 for both women and men). CONCLUSIONS: Liver fat content is significantly increased in subjects with the metabolic syndrome as compared with those without the syndrome, independently of age, gender, and body mass index. Of other markers, serum C-peptide is the strongest correlate of liver fat.     

Early age at onset of bipolar disorder is associated with more severe clinical features but delayed treatment seeking

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to obtain a comprehensive view of differences between bipolar disorder (BD) patients with onset at early versus adult age in a representative study cohort. METHODS: In the Jorvi Bipolar Study (JoBS), 1,630 psychiatric in- and outpatients were systematically screened for BD using the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). A total of 191 bipolar I and II patients with a current DSM-IV episode were interviewed to obtain information about age at onset of mood symptoms, clinical course, treatment, comorbidity, and functional status. The patients were classified as either early onset (<18 years) or adult onset. RESULTS: One-third of subjects with BD (58/191, 30%) had early onset. This was associated with female gender, more lifetime psychotic symptoms, greater overall comorbidity, and a greater length of time from first episode to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Although BD patients with early age at onset have more severe clinical features and illness course, the delays from first episode to treatment and to correct diagnosis are longer than for those with adult onset disorder. To reduce morbidity rates related to the most severe forms of BD, the recognition and diagnosis of BD during adolescence needs to be improved.     

The prevalence of alexithymia and its relationship with Youth Self-Report problem scales among Finnish adolescents

This study investigated the relationship between alexithymia, depressive symptoms, and Youth Self-Report (YSR) self-image profiles among 13 to 18-year-old adolescents (n = 7087) attending school in Kuopio, Finland. The final sample consisted of 3936 adolescents (1801 boys, 2135 girls) who completed structured self-rating questionnaires (Toronto Alexithymia Scale [TAS] 20, Beck Depression Inventory [BDI], and YSR) during class periods at school. The overall prevalence of alexithymia was 7.3%. However, girls in all age groups were more frequently alexithymic than boys. Regardless of sex, alexithymic youths reported more depressive symptoms as well as internalizing and externalizing problems than the others. A YSR total score of more than 70 was recorded among 33.4% of alexithymic compared with 3.7% of nonalexithymic adolescents. The TAS-20 correlated significantly with the BDI score, YSR total score, and with internalizing problems. This study revealed alexithymia among adolescents to be associated with various complications such as depressive symptoms, high scores in YSR problem scales, and difficulties in social relationships. Our findings indicate that these adolescents are at high risk of mental disorders and require treatment interventions.