Association between cannabis and the eyelids: A comprehensive review

Cannabis is the most consumed illicit drug worldwide. As more countries consider bills that would legalize adult use of cannabis, health care providers, including eye care professionals (ophthalmologists, optometrists), will need to recognize ocular effects of cannabis consumption in patients. There are only 20 studies on the eyelid effects of cannabis usage as a medical treatment or a recreational drug. These include ptosis induction, an “eyelid tremor” appearance and blepharospasm attenuation. Six articles describe how adequately dosed cannabis regimens could be promising medical treatments for blepharospasm induced by psychogenic factors. Fourteen articles report eyelid tremors in intoxicated drivers and ptosis as a secondary effect in cannabinoid animal experimental models. The exact mechanism of cannabinoids connecting cannabis to the eyelids is unclear. Further studies should be conducted to better understand the cannabinoid system in relation to the eyelid and eventually develop new, effective and safe therapeutic targets derived from cannabis.     

Novel isomannide-based peptide mimetics containing a tartaric acid backbone as serine protease inhibitors

Hepatitis C viral infection is a cause of chronic liver disease, and current therapies are only effective in 50 % of patients. Serine proteases, which are present in both hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the dengue virus, are the most studied class of proteolytic enzymes and are the primary targets for drug development in this field. In this paper, we describe the synthesis of a novel class of isomannide-based peptide mimetic compounds based on a tartaric acid backbone. Our data showed that substitutions at position 168 (D168A) and 170 (V170A) conferred low-level resistance against compound 5a3, whereas substitutions at position 155 (R155K) and 156 (A156V) conferred no resistance. These data suggest that even though compound 5a3 is a noncompetitive inhibitor; it is able to interact with important residues located near the catalytic site. In addition, this novel compound class exhibits potent antiviral activity against variants carrying resistance mutations to boceprevir and telaprevir. Our docking studies showed important interactions, including hydrogen bonds and a π–π interaction, between compound 5a3 and residues of the allosteric site of NS3/4A. Biological and theoretical results indicate that 5a3 is a promising lead compound for the development of new drugs targeting HCV infection.     

Continuous Absorbable Intradermal Sutures Yield Better Cosmetic Results than Nonabsorbable Interrupted Sutures in Open Appendectomy Wounds: A Prospective,Randomized Trial

Background

Acute appendicitis is the most common reason for abdominal surgery in young adults and children. Open appendectomy is still the treatment often chosen because it is simple, safe, and effective. Our aim was to study whether cosmetic results of appendectomy wounds are better after using continuous absorbable intradermal (A) sutures compared with wound closure with interrupted nonabsorbable (NA) sutures.

Methods

A total of 206 adult patients with clinically suspected appendicitis were allocated to the study and prospectively randomized into two wound-closure groups: the interrupted NA suture group and the A suture group. Of these, 193 patients with sufficient data were invited to the outpatient clinic for cosmetic analysis. Cosmetic results were evaluated after a median of 14 months. For subjective scar assessment, the Vancouver scar scale, the patient and observer scar assessment scale (POSAS), and a visual analog scale (VAS) were used. Objective evaluation was carried out by measuring surface area, average width, and estimated concentration change (ECC) of hemoglobin and melanin in the scar using spectrocutometry. For statistical analyses we used the Mann–Whitney test and Student’s t test.

Results

Both objective and subjective analyses showed better cosmetic results for absorbable intradermal suturing. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant as regards POSAS in both patient (p = 0.032) and observer scales (p = 0.001), and VAS (p = 0.002). Scar surface area was significantly smaller in group A than in group NA (p = 0.002). ECC measurements showed higher values for melanin in group NA than in group A (p = 0.034).

Conclusion

Continuous intradermal absorbable suturing yields a better cosmetic result than interrupted nonabsorbable suturing in lower abdominal transverse appendectomy.     

Strong association between smoking and the risk of revision in a cohort study of patients with metal‐on‐metal total hip arthroplasty

Thus far the ability to predict who will develop early failure following the insertion of a metal‐on‐metal (MoM) bearing has been very limited. Our objective was to assess the effect of smoking on failure rates in patients with MoM bearing, compared with patients with ceramic‐on‐polyethylene (CoP) bearing. From a prospective hospital‐based registry we included all primary THAs operated upon between 1/2001 and 12/2011 with MoM or CoP bearings of the same cup design and head size (28 mm). We compared revision rates through 10/2013 classified by smoking status and type of bearing. We included 1,964 patients (median age 71, 57% women), 663 with MoM and 1,301 with CoP bearing. Mean follow‐up was 6.9 years (range 1.8–12.8). Revisions were required for 56 THAs. In patients with MoM bearing the adjusted incidence rate of revision among ever‐smokers was four times greater than among never‐smokers (95% CI 1.4–10.9). Among those with CoP bearing, the rate ratio was only 1.3 (95% CI 0.6–2.5). We found a strong association between smoking and increased failure of MoM THAs. In contrast, the association was weak for patients with CoP bearing. Smoking might be a trigger or an effect amplifier for adverse reactions to metal debris from MoM bearings. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:762–768, 2014.