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The proteome of Naja sumatrana (Equatorial spitting cobra) venom was investigated by shotgun analysis and a combination of ion-exchange chromatography and reverse phase HPLC. Shotgun analysis revealed the presence of 39 proteins in the venom while the chromatographic approach identified 37 venom proteins. The results indicated that, like other Asiatic cobra venoms, N. sumatrana contains large number of three finger toxins and phospholipases A2, which together constitute 92.1% by weight of venom protein. However, only eight of the toxins can be considered as major venom toxins. These include two phospholipases A2, three neurotoxins (two long neurotoxins and a short neurotoxin) and three cardiotoxins. The eight major toxins have relative abundance of 1.6–27.2% venom proteins and together account for 89.8% (by weight) of total venom protein. Other venom proteins identified include Zn-metalloproteinase-disintegrin, Thaicobrin, CRISP, natriuretic peptide, complement depleting factors, cobra venom factors, venom nerve growth factor and cobra serum albumin. The proteome of N. sumatrana venom is similar to proteome of other Asiatic cobra venoms but differs from that of African spitting cobra venom. Our results confirm that the main toxic action of N. sumatrana venom is neurotoxic but the large amount of cardiotoxins and phospholipases A2 are likely to contribute significantly to the overall pathophysiological action of the venom. The differences in toxin distribution between N. sumatrana venom and African spitting cobra venoms suggest possible differences in the pathophysiological actions of N. sumatrana venom and the African spitting cobra venoms, and explain why antivenom raised against Asiatic cobra venom is not effective against African spitting cobra venoms. 相似文献
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S. A. Hiles E. S. Harvey V. M. McDonald M. Peters P. Bardin P. N. Reynolds J. W. Upham M. Baraket Z. Bhikoo J. Bowden B. Brockway L. P. Chung B. Cochrane G. Foxley J. Garrett M. Hew L. Jayaram C. Jenkins C. Katelaris G. Katsoulotos M. S. Koh V. Kritikos M. Lambert D. Langton A. Lara Rivero G. B. Marks P. G. Middleton A. Nanguzgambo N. Radhakrishna H. Reddel J. Rimmer A. M. Southcott M. Sutherland F. Thien P. A. B. Wark I. A. Yang E. Yap P. G. Gibson 《Clinical and experimental allergy》2018,48(6):650-662
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Dariush Shahsavari Praneeth Kudaravalli John Erikson L Yap Kenneth J Vega 《World journal of gastroenterology : WJG》2022,28(32):4516-4526
Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a condition that results from replacement of the damaged normal squamous esophageal mucosa to intestinal columnar mucosa and is the most significant predisposing factor for development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Current guidelines recommend endoscopic evaluation for screening and surveillance based on various risk factors which has limitations such as invasiveness, availability of a trained specialist, patient logistics and cost. Trans-nasal endoscopy is a less invasive modality but still has similar limitations such as limited availability of trained specialist and costs. Non-endoscopic modalities, in comparison, require minimal intervention, can be done in an office visit and has the potential to be a more ideal choice for mass public screening and surveillance, particularly in patents at low risk for BE. These include newer generations of esophageal capsule endoscopy which provides direct visualization of BE, and tethered capsule endomicroscopy which can obtain high-resolution images of the esophagus. Various cell collection devices coupled with biomarkers have been used for BE screening. Cytosponge, in combination with TFF3, as well as EsophaCap and EsoCheck have shown promising results in various studies when used with various biomarkers. Other modalities including circulatory microRNAs and volatile organic compounds that have demonstrated favorable outcomes. Use of these cell collection methods for BE surveillance is a potential area of future research. 相似文献
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A. M. Dingle K. K. Yap Y-W. Gerrand C. J. Taylor E. Keramidaris Z. Lokmic A. M. Kong H. L. Peters W. A. Morrison G. M. Mitchell 《Angiogenesis》2018,21(3):581-597