Nursing time to program and assess deep brain stimulators in movement disorder patients.

The use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia is increasing. Although some published literature describes the methods for DBS programming, the time and nursing requirements to run a DBS surgical program have not been examined previously. For this study, we prospectively recorded the time required for both assessments and programming of the DBS from the preoperative period to 1 year after surgery in a variety of patients. Results showed that the mean total time spent programming the stimulator and assessing these patients ranged from 18.0-36.2 hours per patient. It took twice as long to program the stimulator in patients with Parkinson's disease as it did in patients with essential tremor or dystonia. When setting up a program for movement disorders surgery, nursing time spent on patient assessment and programming should be considered in the workload.     

Psychological and family functioning and quality of life in adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: The life expectancy of individuals with CF has increased to 33 years. Thus, issues such as quality of life and psychological well-being, previously thought to be of lesser importance than physical well-being, are now recognised as significant factors. This study examined the interrelationships between quality of life, family functioning, individual psychopathology and optimism of adolescents with CF. METHODS: Adolescents attending the CF clinic completed a number of questionnaires. Quality of Life was measured using the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire, family functioning by the Family Environment Scale (3rd edition), general psychopathology with the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised and optimism for the future by the Hunter Opinions and Personal Expectations Scale. Disease severity was assessed using the Shwachman score and spirometry at the time of questionnaire completion. RESULTS: The level of psychopathology (12.5% of those 13 years and over) in the group was lower than that reported for young people in Australia (15-20%). The results indicated that young people with a delayed diagnosis and those who are alienated from their families may be in need of additional psychosocial support. The group was hopeful and positive about their future and these attributes were independent of clinical measures of disease severity. In general, these young people scored relatively highly on the quality of life scale. For example the mean standardised score for physical functioning was 70 points, for respiratory symptoms was 63 points and for emotional state was 78 points. Increased levels of psychopathology and lack of hope for the future were however associated with lower ratings on a number of quality of life measures. Family cohesiveness, expressiveness and organization were associated with better psychological functioning in the young people. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with CF appear to be a psychologically well functioning and well-adjusted group. These findings support the importance of a more sophisticated model of well-being for adolescents with CF, which explores the young person's views on their quality of life and wider support frameworks rather than relying solely on measures of physical health to gauge well-being.     

The application of crime science to the prevention of elder abuse

The abuse of older people is a significant problem, with estimates intimating that there may be over 340,000 cases per year in the United Kingdom. Despite improvements in screening and assessment to identify and treat those who are abused or at risk of abuse, the healthcare community remains preoccupied with prevalence rather than prevention. In light of the paucity of health-related research evidence to support the effectiveness of preventative measures, the application of crime prevention theory and knowledge is appropriate. Routine activity theory and situational crime prevention literature acknowledges the vulnerability of older people to abuse and the potential of any person employed as a carer to be an abuser. Preventative measures are focused on techniques that make abuse more difficult and more risky for the perpetrator and, therefore, less 'rewarding'. The regulation of healthcare support workers and increased workplace surveillance are examples of the 25 techniques of situational prevention that could be applied in a healthcare setting.     

A case-controlled study of altered visual art production in Alzheimer's and FTLD.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize dementia-induced changes in visual art production. BACKGROUND: Although case studies show altered visual artistic production in some patients with neurodegenerative disease, no case-controlled studies have quantified this phenomenon across groups of patients. METHOD: Forty-nine subjects [18 Alzheimer disease, 9 frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 9 semantic dementia (SD), 15 healthy older controls (NC)] underwent formal neuropsychologic testing of visuospatial, perceptual, and creative functioning, and produced 4 drawings. Subjective elements of drawings were rated by an expert panel that was blind to diagnosis. RESULTS: Despite equal performance on standard visuospatial tests, dementia groups produced distinct patterns of artistic features that were significantly different from NCs. FTDs used more disordered composition and less active mark-making (P<0.05). Both FTDs and SDs drawings were rated as more bizarre and demonstrated more facial distortion than NCs (P<0.05). Also, SDs drastically failed a standardized test of divergent creativity. Alzheimer disease artwork was more similar to controls than to FTDs or SDs, but showed a more muted color palette (P<0.05) and trends toward including fewer details, less ordered compositions, and occasional facial distortion. CONCLUSIONS: These group differences in artistic style likely resulted from disease-specific focal neurodegeneration, and elucidate the contributions of particular brain regions to the production of visual art.     

Sarcoid Myelopathy

A 45-year-old woman with history of iritis, uveitis, and sarcoidosis of the skin presented with a subacute cervical myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ;howed patchy, multifocal, gadoliniumenhancing intramedullary lesions of the spinal cord, and extramedullary lesions of the basal cisterns and fourth ventricle. Symptoms and MRI abnormalities were improved within 1 month of corticosteroid therapy.     

Distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 immunoreactivity in rat brain

The receptor mGluR5 is a metabotropic glutamate receptor with messenger RNA abundantly present throughout cortex, hippocampus, and caudate/putamen that is also coupled to phosphatidyl inositide hydrolysis and calcium mobilization. In this study, the distribution of mGluR5 was examined in rat brain by immunocytochemistry. The antibody utilized is highly specific and does not cross react with the most closely related other metabotropic glutamate receptor, as determined by Western blot analysis of nonneuronal cells transfected with metabotropic receptor coding sequences. The receptor mGluR5 is widely expressed with the highest density in olfactory bulb, caudate/putamen, lateral septum, cortex, and hippocampus, as confirmed with both immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. Electron microscopic studies in hippocampus and cortex indicate that the labeling is mostly on membranes of dendritic spines and shafts. Light and electron microscopic evidence indicates that some mGluR5 immunoreactivity is located in presynaptic axon terminals, suggesting that mGluR5 may function as a presynaptic receptor.     

Elevated red cell adenosine deaminase activity: a marker of disordered erythropoiesis in Diamond-Blackfan anaemia and other haematologic diseases

Red-cell adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in children with Diamond-Blackfan anaemia is significantly increased (1.91 +/- 0.90 U/g Hb) compared to that seen in transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (0.80 +/- 0.16 U/g Hb) or normal individuals (0.61 +/- 0.13 U/g). These data thus further support that measurement of this purine metabolic enzyme is useful in diagnosing the cause of pure RBC aplasia in children. Of interest, however, elevated RBC-ADA activity also is seen in some children with acute leukaemia and other haematologic disorders. In children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), the increase in RBC-ADA activity is proportional to the degree of anaemia. However, the elevated RBC-ADA activity in this leukaemic population is not related to the fetal haemoglobin concentration. These data suggest increased RBC-ADA activity may be a non-specific manifestation of abnormal erythroid stem cell function, an alteration distinct from that seen with reactivation of fetal erythropoiesis. However, since almost all patients with Diamond-Blackfan anaemia manifest elevated RBC-ADA activity, this chemical alteration yet may reflect the specific erythroid differentiation lesion in this disorder.     

PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT OF COMMON MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS IN WOMEN

The range of musculoskeletal disorders encountered in primary care settings is broad, extending from simple injuries to complex chronic diseases. Assessment, management, referral, and pharmacologic intervention for many of these conditions may fall to certified nurse-midwives who increasingly are assuming primary care responsibilities.