Posterior urethral valves in patients with Down syndrome

Renal and urological anomalies in Down syndrome (DS) have received little attention compared with the nephrourological findings described in other chromosomal abnormalities. Renal hypoplasia, hydroureteronephrosis, ureterovesical and ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and vesicoureteral reflux, but not posterior urethral valves, have been associated with DS. We report the occurrence of posterior urethral valves in three male infants with DS at a single institution. All had multiple urological procedures for correction or palliation of obstruction. Children with DS may have an increased risk for developing posterior urethral valves and obstructive uropathy. Furthermore, they may also develop chronic renal failure secondary to posterior urethral valves. Therefore, we suggests that infants with DS be screened with ultrasonography for renal and urological abnormalities early in life and, if abnormal, a contrast voiding cystourethrogram be performed to rule out posterior urethral valves or other bladder or urethral abnormalities. A review of the renal and urological anomalies in DS reported in the literature since 1960 is presented.     

Coronary heart disease among Pacific Island people in New Zealand

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in New Zealand. Death rates are higher among the Maori than the European population but rates have been declining in both groups over recent years. The occurrence of coronary heart disease among the Pacific Island population in New Zealand is unknown. Data from the National Health Statistics Centre (NHSC) and the Auckland coronary or stroke (ARCOS) study were used to describe the occurrence of coronary heart diseases among Pacific Island people. Age standardised mortality rates show that coronary heart disease is an important cause of death among Pacific Island men. Death rates have declined between 1973-77 and 1978-82 but this trend did not continue among men in the 1983-86 period. Age standardised mortality rates from coronary heart disease from the ARCOS data are 175/100,000 and 52/100,000 for Pacific Island men and women compared with 325/100,000 and 141/100,000 for Maori men and women. Age standardised rates for European men and women are 154/100,000 and 36/100,000 respectively.     

Distribution of neurons and glia in the visual cortex (area 17) of the adult albino rat: a quantitative description

The neuronal and glial cell composition of the rat visual cortex (area 17) has been determined quantitatively using stereological techniques. The volume numerical densities (number of cells per mm3 of cortex) of neurons and of the principal glial cell types (astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia) were calculated from tangential semithin resin sections spaced at regular intervals 50 micron apart throughout the entire depth of the visual cortex. From measurements of cortical and laminar thickness the separate volume numerical densities of neurons and glial cells were derived for each lamina in the cortex. In addition, the absolute numbers of cells in each lamina under 1 mm2 of cortical surface were calculated. The mean cortical volume numerical density of neurons was 60,020 +/- 3840/mm3 (mean +/- SEM; n = 8), and 49,040 +/- 2610/mm3 for the combined glial cell types. Astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia were present in a ratio of 6:3:1 respectively. It was determined from neuronal and glial somatic volume estimates that the somata of these cells occupied approximately 13.5% of unit cortical volume, with 81.3% of the unit volume being occupied by cortical neuropil. Using previously published reports that described the laminar composition of neurons in terms of the relative proportions of pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells, the laminar volume numerical densities for these neuronal categories have been derived. In addition, it has been estimated that under 1 mm2 of cortical surface there are 79,500 pyramidal and 7790 non-pyramidal neurons distributed throughout layers 1-6 of the rat visual cortex.     

Effects of antidepressant medication on sexual function: a controlled study

There has been little systematic study of the types of sexual dysfunction produced by antidepressant medication or of the frequency with which this type of adverse effect occurs. The authors report results of a double-blind study in which the effects of imipramine, phenelzine, and placebo on specific aspects of sexual function were assessed in depressed outpatients before and after 6 weeks of treatment. Both active treatments were associated with a high incidence of adverse changes in sexual function and produced significantly more adverse effects on sexual function than placebo. Orgasm and ejaculation were impaired to a greater extent than erection. Adverse sexual function changes secondary to antidepressant medication occurred frequently in both men and women, although men reported a higher incidence. Antidepressant-related sexual dysfunction may be of clinical importance for medication compliance in view of current recommendations that antidepressants be administered for longer periods as maintenance therapy or for prophylaxis.     

Determinants of health-service use by low-income people.

Poverty influences health status, life expectancy, health behaviours, and use of health services. This study examined factors influencing the use of health-related services by people living in poverty. In the first phase, 199 impoverished users of health-related services in 2 large Canadian cities were interviewed by their peers. In the second phase, group interviews with people living in poverty (n = 52) were conducted. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Diverse health-related services were used to meet basic and health needs, to maintain human contact, and to cope with life's challenges. Use of services depended on proximity, affordability, convenience, information, and providers' attitudes and behaviours. Use was impeded by inequities based on income status. To promote the health of people living in poverty, nurses and other health professionals can enhance the accessibility and quality of services, improve their interactions with people living in poverty, provide information about available programs, offer coordinated community-based services, collaborate with other sectors, and advocate for more equitable services and policies.