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991.
Margaret Jones 《Medical history》2013,57(3):397-419
In 1965 Jamaica was declared free of malaria by the World Health Organisation (WHO), thus ending centuries of death and suffering from the disease. This declaration followed the successful completion of the WHO’s Malaria Eradication Programme (MEP) on the island, initiated in 1958. This account first explores the antecedent control measures adopted by the government up to the MEP. These, as advocated by the previous malaria ‘experts’ who had reported on the disease on the island concentrated on controlling the vector and the administration of quinine for individual protection. Although Jamaica suffered no catastrophic epidemics of island-wide scope, malaria was a constant cause of mortality and morbidity. Major change came in the wake of the Second World War within the changing political context of national independence and international development. In 1957 the Jamaican government joined the global WHO programme to eradicate malaria. The Jamaican campaign exposes many of the problems noted in other studies of such top–down initiatives in their lack of attention to the particular circumstances of each case. Despite being described as ‘a textbook pattern’ of malaria eradication, the MEP in Jamaica suffered from a lack of sufficient preparation and field knowledge. This is most obviously illustrated by the fact that all literature on the programme sent to Jamaica in the first two years was in Spanish. That the MEP exploited the technological opportunity provided by dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) with advantage in Jamaica is not disputed but as this analysis illustrates this success was by no means guaranteed.
Keywords
: Jamaica, Malaria, Control, Eradication, World Health Organisation 相似文献
992.
Andrea M. Siegel PhD Kelly D. Stone Glenn Cruse Monica G. Lawrence Ana Olivera Mi-yeon Jung John S. Barber Alexandra F. Freeman Steven M. Holland Michelle O'Brien Nina Jones Laura B. Wisch Heidi H. Kong Avanti Desai Orly FarberAlasdair M. Gilfillan PhD Juan Rivera Joshua D. Milner 《The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology》2013
993.
994.
Mariana Castanheira Leah N. Woosley Daniel J. Diekema Ronald N. Jones Michael A. Pfaller 《Journal of clinical microbiology》2013,51(1):117-124
Candida famata (teleomorph Debaryomyces hansenii) has been described as a medically relevant yeast, and this species has been included in many commercial identification systems that are currently used in clinical laboratories. Among 53 strains collected during the SENTRY and ARTEMIS surveillance programs and previously identified as C. famata (includes all submitted strains with this identification) by a variety of commercial methods (Vitek, MicroScan, API, and AuxaColor), DNA sequencing methods demonstrated that 19 strains were C. guilliermondii, 14 were C. parapsilosis, 5 were C. lusitaniae, 4 were C. albicans, and 3 were C. tropicalis, and five isolates belonged to other Candida species (two C. fermentati and one each C. intermedia, C. pelliculosa, and Pichia fabianni). Additionally, three misidentified C. famata strains were correctly identified as Kodomaea ohmeri, Debaryomyces nepalensis, and Debaryomyces fabryi using intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) and/or intergenic spacer (IGS) sequencing. The Vitek 2 system identified three isolates with high confidence to be C. famata and another 15 with low confidence between C. famata and C. guilliermondii or C. parapsilosis, displaying only 56.6% agreement with DNA sequencing results. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight (MALDI-TOF) results displayed 81.1% agreement with DNA sequencing. One strain each of C. metapsilosis, C. fermentati, and C. intermedia demonstrated a low score for identification (<2.0) in the MALDI Biotyper. K. ohmeri, D. nepalensis, and D. fabryi identified by DNA sequencing in this study were not in the current database for the MALDI Biotyper. These results suggest that the occurrence of C. famata in fungal infections is much lower than previously appreciated and that commercial systems do not produce accurate identifications except for the newly introduced MALDI-TOF instruments. 相似文献
995.
996.
Dr K. Janman DPhil Dr J. G. Jones PhD Dr R. L. Payne PhD Dr J. T. Rick PhD 《Behavioral medicine (Washington, D.C.)》2013,39(1):17-29
Abstract As the number and type of variables thought to affect the amount of stress experienced by an individual in the workplace increase, and as these effects are often found to be nonlinear and to interact with each other, the forms of statistical analyses employed present different costs and benefits. The use of cluster analysis as a preliminary means of categorizing individuals is described as the least artificial and empirically most accurate means of deriving groups that can lead to hypotheses and hypothesis testing using the more conventional means of analysis of variance. Such a methodology is described as it was applied to an investigation of the effects of demands, attitudes to demands, supports-constraints, and trait neuroticism upon job satisfaction and scores on the General Health Questionnaire for a sample of psychiatric nurses. 相似文献
997.
Jelle Veraart Erika P. Raven Luke J. Edwards Nikolaus Weiskopf Derek K. Jones 《Human brain mapping》2021,42(7):2201
The noninvasive quantification of axonal morphology is an exciting avenue for gaining understanding of the function and structure of the central nervous system. Accurate non‐invasive mapping of micron‐sized axon radii using commonly applied neuroimaging techniques, that is, diffusion‐weighted MRI, has been bolstered by recent hardware developments, specifically MR gradient design. Here the whole brain characterization of the effective MR axon radius is presented and the inter‐ and intra‐scanner test–retest repeatability and reproducibility are evaluated to promote the further development of the effective MR axon radius as a neuroimaging biomarker. A coefficient‐of‐variability of approximately 10% in the voxelwise estimation of the effective MR radius is observed in the test–retest analysis, but it is shown that the performance can be improved fourfold using a customized along‐tract analysis. 相似文献
998.
Mark P Maskery Christian Holscher Stephanie P Jones Christopher I Price W David Strain Caroline L Watkins David J Werring Hedley CA Emsley 《Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism》2021,41(1):14
Stroke mortality and morbidity is expected to rise. Despite considerable recent advances within acute ischemic stroke treatment, scope remains for development of widely applicable neuroprotective agents. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), originally licensed for the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, have demonstrated pre-clinical neuroprotective efficacy in a range of neurodegenerative conditions. This systematic scoping review reports the pre-clinical basis of GLP-1RAs as neuroprotective agents in acute ischemic stroke and their translation into clinical trials. We included 35 pre-clinical studies, 11 retrospective database studies, 7 cardiovascular outcome trials and 4 prospective clinical studies. Pre-clinical neuroprotection was demonstrated in normoglycemic models when administration was delayed by up to 24 h following stroke induction. Outcomes included reduced infarct volume, apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation alongside increased neurogenesis, angiogenesis and cerebral blood flow. Improved neurological function and a trend towards increased survival were also reported. Cardiovascular outcomes trials reported a significant reduction in stroke incidence with semaglutide and dulaglutide. Retrospective database studies show a trend towards neuroprotection. Prospective interventional clinical trials are on-going, but initial indicators of safety and tolerability are favourable. Ultimately, we propose that repurposing GLP-1RAs is potentially advantageous but appropriately designed trials are needed to determine clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Liu Gengbo Mitra Debasis Jones Ella F. Franc Benjamin L. Behr Spencer C. Nguyen Alex Bolouri Marjan S. Wisner Dorota J. Joe Bonnie N. Esserman Laura J. Hylton Nola M. Seo Youngho 《Journal of digital imaging》2021,34(3):630-636
Journal of Digital Imaging - In this proof-of-concept work, we have developed a 3D-CNN architecture that is guided by the tumor mask for classifying several patient-outcomes in breast cancer from... 相似文献