Pediatric intracranial pressure monitoring in hypoxic and nonhypoxic brain injury

We reviewed the results of all pediatric patients undergoing intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in a 2-year period at our institution. The outcome of patients suffering hypoxia or ischemic injuries (HII) is compared to those suffering non-hypoxic or non-ischemic injuries (NHII). Thirty-four patients had ICP monitors placed during the study period. Inconplete patient information led to the exclusion of 5 patients. An additional 5 patients were excluded because no measures to control ICP were taken after the monitor was placed. Twenty-four patients required treatment for raised ICP (hyperventilation, 24; mannitol, 19; barbiturate coma, 6). Admission Glasgow Coma Score in patients suffering HII (median score 5) and NHII (median score 6) were not significantly different (Mann-Whitney U Test). Only 2 of 8 patients with HII were near-drowning vietims. The remaining 6 had HII from other causes (5 survivors of various forms of asphyxia and 1 of cardiac arrest). All 8 patients had poor outcomes (1 severely disabled; 7 died). The 16 patients with NHII had a variety of diagnoses (6 trauma, 5 encephalitis, 4 bacterial meningitis, 1 diabetic ketoacidosis). Among these, 6 had good outcomes and 10 poor outcomes (2 severely disabled, 2 vegetative, and 6 died). The difference in outcome between patients with NHII and HII is significant at P=0.059 (Fischer Exact test). Patients with NHII may benefit from ICP monitoring. Patients with HII from near-drowning and other causes did not appear to benefit from ICP monitoring and interventions directed at controlling ICP.     

A novel hemostatic agent: the potential role of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) in anesthetic practice.

PURPOSE: To review the role of recombinant factor VIIa in anesthetic practice. SOURCE: A review of the published literature. MAIN FINDINGS: The mechanism of action of rFVIIa suggests enhancement of hemostasis limited to the site of injury without systemic activation of the coagulation cascade. In addition to its indication for use in patients with hemophilia, use of rFVIIa for treatment of uncontrolled massive hemorrhage in various peroperative settings appears to be rational, safe, and effective. Published results suggest that in trauma patients rFVIIa may play a role as an adjunctive hemostatic measure in addition to surgical hemostatic techniques There is preliminary evidence that hemorrhagic complications (eg. epistaxis, vaginal bleeding) associated with profound thrombocytopenia can be reversed with rFVIIa even at platelet counts below 10,000 per microL. Various case reports outlining the successful treatment with recombinant factor VIIa of patents experiencing intractable bleeding after valve replacement surgery, and with severe hemorrhage during therapy with left ventricular assist device, indicate the potential therapeutic efficacy of this agent in cardiac surgical procedures. Additionally, rFVIIa has been used successfully for treatment of massive postoperative bleeding following general surgery. CONCLUSIONS: rFVIIa is a novel hemostatic agent that shows promise in non-hemophiliac patents of a significant therapeutic role in variety of coagulopathic and hemorrhagic conditions in clinical situations ranging from thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation and transfusion-related coagulopathy, as well as in patients experiencing massive blood loss undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation, cardiac, orthopedic and genitourinary surgery.     

Peri-ventricular grey stimulation versus motor cortex stimulation for post stroke neuropathic pain.

Central post stroke pain is often difficult to manage satisfactorily with conventional treatment modalities for pain. In the last decade functional neurosurgery has offered hope with motor cortex stimulation achieving significant alleviation of pain in some patients. Unfortunately this has led to the neglect of chronic stimulation of deep grey matter as another modality of treating this condition. In this article we present our experience with motor cortex stimulation and that with deep grey matter stimulation in patients with post stroke pain. We argue that both modalities have a significant role and that what is required are better methods of identifying particular patients who are more likely to respond to one or the other.     

Intra-arterial Air Thrombogenesis after Cerebral Air Embolism Complicating Lower Extremity Sclerotherapy

Background  

Cerebral arterial gas embolism is a potentially life-threatening event. Intraarterial air can occlude blood flow directly or cause thrombosis. Sclerotherapy is an extremely rare cause of cerebral arterial gas embolism.