Patients with chronic cough are typically female and have a mean age of?~?60 years. However, initial pharmacokinetic (PK) characterization of the P2X3-receptor antagonist gefapixant, developed to treat refractory or unexplained chronic cough, was performed in healthy participants who were predominantly younger adult males. The objective of this Phase 1 study was to assess the safety, tolerability, and PK of gefapixant in younger (18–55 years) and older (65–80 years) males and females.
Methods
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted. Healthy adult participants were stratified into 4 cohorts by age and sex (younger males/females and older males/females) and randomized 4:1 (younger adults) or 3:1 (older adults) to receive gefapixant 300 mg twice daily (BID) for 1 week, followed by gefapixant 600 mg BID for 2 weeks or placebo. Safety, tolerability, and PK were assessed.
Results
Of 36 randomized and treated participants, 28 (100%) receiving gefapixant and 6 (75%) receiving placebo reported?≥?1 adverse event (AE). The most common treatment-related AEs in the gefapixant group were taste related. Predefined renal/urologic AEs were reported by 7 (25%) participants receiving gefapixant (all mild to moderate in severity). Gefapixant exposure was generally lower in younger males compared with younger females and older adults; however, differences may have been due to estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Conclusion
The safety profile of gefapixant 300–600 mg BID was generally consistent with previous studies. Additional characterization of gefapixant PK as a function of age and sex using population PK modeling is warranted.
Caring for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be highly demanding and can put significant strain on caregivers. To date, little is known about the extent to which caregivers of children with ASD experience increased levels of stress which may adversely affect health outcomes. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to compare caregivers of children with ASD and caregivers of typically developing children (TDC) in weight status, diet quality, perceived stress related to the parenting role, and functional health and well‐being.
2 Design and methods
Caregivers of 25 children with ASD and 30 TDC completed the 2005 Block Food Frequency Questionnaire, the 36‐item Short Form of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI/SF), and the Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36) and had their heights and weights measured during an onsite visit. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)‐2010 and its dietary components and conformance to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
3 Results
ASD caregivers did not differ significantly from TDC caregivers in body mass index or overweight/obesity prevalence (p ≥ .28), even when controlling for covariates. In univariate analyses, ASD caregivers consumed significantly fewer empty calories from solid fats, alcohol, and added sugars than TDC caregivers (p = .03), but they did not differ significantly in any other dietary outcomes including nutrient adequacy (p ≥ .10) and mean total HEI scores (p = .20). ASD caregivers, when compared to TDC caregivers, reported significantly greater parenting stress for the subscales difficult child and parent–child dysfunctional interaction as well as total stress (p < .001). In addition, 56% of ASD caregivers compared with 6.7% of TDC caregivers showed clinically significant levels of stress (p < .0001); a finding which remained statistically significant when controlling for covariates. ASD and TDC caregivers did not differ significantly in any SF‐36 health domains related to functional health and well‐being (p ≥ .10).
4 Practice implications
Despite higher reported levels of stress, ASD caregivers did not differ significantly from TDC caregivers in diet‐ and health‐related outcomes. Nurses and other health professionals should use comprehensive screening tools to assess overall caregiver stress and levels of resilience. 相似文献
The Segway® Personal Transporter? (SPT) is used widely as a means of transport for city sightseeing tours, law enforcement, and professionals working in large facilities and factories.
Methods
We conducted a systematic review of the literature to assess SPT-related injuries. Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines, we queried PubMed from 1990 to 2017. The search terms Segway, personal transporter, and injury were used. Only English-language studies were included. Data were extracted from each article, specifically the sample size, study setting, and design, as well as the prevalence of specific injuries.
Results
A total of six articles were included that included data on 135 patients. Sample size per study varied from 1 to 41 patients. Studies occurred in both the emergency department and inpatient settings, including medical-surgical wards, and intensive care units. The most commonly reported injuries were orthopedic cases (n = 45), maxillofacial cases (n = 13), neurologic cases (n = 8), and thoracic cases (n = 10).
Conclusions
The SPT is an innovative transportation method; however, its use is associated with a wide range of injuries. Many of these injuries require hospital admission and surgical intervention, incurring significant morbidity and high costs. 相似文献
Suicide screening scales have been advocated for use in the ED setting. However, it is currently unknown whether patients classified as low-risk on these scales can be safely discharged from the emergency department. This study evaluated the utility of three commonly-used suicide screening tools in the emergency department to predict ED disposition, with special interest in discharge among low-risk patients.
Methods
This prospective observational study enrolled a convenience sample of patients who answered “yes” to a triage suicidal ideation question in an urban academic emergency department. Patients were administered the weighted modified SADPERSONS Scale, Suicide Assessment Five-step Evaluation and Triage, and Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale. Patients who subsequently received a psychiatric evaluation were included, and the utility of these screening tools to predict disposition was evaluated.
Results
276 subjects completed all three suicide screening tools and were included in data analyses. Eighty-two patients (30%) were admitted or transferred. Three patients (1%) died by suicide within one year of enrollment; one was hospitalized at the end of his or her enrollment visit, dying by suicide seven months later and the other two were discharged, dying by suicide nine and ten months later, respectively. The screening tools exhibited modest negative predictive values (range: 0.66–0.73).
Conclusion
Three suicide screening tools displayed modest ability to predict the disposition of patients who presented to an emergency department with suicidal ideation. This study supports the current ACEP clinical policy on psychiatric patients which states that screening tools should not be used in isolation to guide disposition decisions of suicidal patients from the ED. 相似文献
In Nigeria, one of the major challenges associated with evidence-to-policy
link in the control of infectious diseases of poverty (IDP), is deficient
information literacy knowledge and skill among policymakers. There is need
for policymakers to acquire the skill to discover relevant information,
accurately evaluate retrieved information and to apply it correctly.
Objectives
To use information literacy tool of International Network for Availability of
Scientific Publications (INASP) to enhance policymakers'' knowledge
and skill for policymaking on control of IDP in Nigeria.
Methods
Modified "before and after" intervention study design was
used in which outcomes were measured on target participants both before the
intervention is implemented and after. This study was conducted in Ebonyi
State, south-eastern Nigeria and participants were career health policy
makers. A two-day health-policy information literacy training workshop was
organized to enhance participants" information literacy capacity.
Topics covered included: introduction to information literacy; defining
information problem; searching for information online; evaluating
information; science information; knowledge sharing interviews; and training
skills.
Results
A total of 52 policymakers attended the workshop. The pre-workshop mean
rating (MNR) of knowledge and capacity for information literacy ranged from
2.15-2.97, while the post-workshop MNR ranged from 3.34-3.64 on 4-point
scale. The percentage increase in MNR of knowledge and capacity at the end
of the workshop ranged from 22.6%-55.3%.
Conclusion
The results of this study suggest that through information literacy training
workshop policy makers can acquire the knowledge and skill to identify,
capture and share the right kind of information in the right contexts to
influence relevant action or a policy decision. 相似文献
Closed-cell foams are widely applied as insulation and essential for the thermal management of protective garments for extreme environments. In this work, we develop and demonstrate a strategy for drastically reducing the thermal conductivity of a flexible, closed-cell polychloroprene foam to 0.031 ± 0.002 W m−1 K−1, approaching values of an air gap (0.027 W m−1 K−1) for an extended period of time (>10 hours), within a material capable of textile processing. Ultra-insulating neoprene materials are synthesized using high-pressure processing at 243 kPa in a high-molecular-weight gas environment, such as Ar, Kr, or Xe. A Fickian diffusion model describes both the mass infusion and thermal conductivity reduction of the foam as a function of processing time, predicting a 24–72 hour required exposure time for full charging of a 6 mm thick 5 cm diameter neoprene sample. These results enable waterproof textile insulation that approximates a wearable air gap. We demonstrate a wetsuit made of ultra-low thermally conductive neoprene capable of potentially extending dive times to 2–3 hours in water below 10 °C, compared with <1 hour for the state-of-the-art. This work introduces the prospect of effectively wearing a flexible air gap for thermal protection in harsh environments.Herein, we develop, demonstrate, and model a repeatable process for synthesizing ultra-low-thermal-conductivity closed-cell neoprene garments by infusing high-molecular-weight noble gases.相似文献