Solitary calcaneal bone cyst in children]

The author presents results of treatment 10 children with calcaneal bone cyst. The mean age in the time of diagnosis was 13.5 years (10-18 years). The mean follow-up was 23.7 months (12-48 months). 4 children complained of heel pain; the rest were asymptomatic. In one child the cyst was large, filled nearly all bone. The rest were typically localized in the antero-middle part of the calcaneus. Steroid injection in one patient failed. All the patient were treated with curettage and bone grafting. The results were good--all the cysts healed. Curretage and bone grafting is indicated in the cases when cyst is large (more than half of the bone), when is localized in the posterior weight-bearing part of the calcaneus, when is painful or the radiograph is not typical.     

Limb lengthening in children with osteogenesis imperfecta]

The authors operated on 7 children (5 girls, 2 boys) suffering from osteogenesis imperfecta (oi) type I according to Sillence classification, with lower limbs discrepancy. We elongated 10 segments (7 femurs and 3 tibias). Mean age at operation time was 14.7 years (13-17 years). The mean leg length discrepancy was 9.3 cm (4-18 cm), and shortening of one bone was 6.5 cm (4-9 cm). We used Ilizarov technique twice in tibial lengthening. We used Wagner technique in one tibial elongation and in 7 femur elongation. Except for one tibia, in the remaining cases there was Rush rod inserted intramedullary in the bone being elongated. During tibial elongation we fixed lateral malleous by screw. The osteotomy was performed in proximal metaphysis of the 5 femurs and 3 tibias, and in distal femurs in two cases. The elongation was 1 mm for day, with frequency 4 x 1/4 mm. The mean bone lengthening achieved was 5.5 cm (2-9 cm); the mean lengthening of the limb was 7.9 cm (2-18 cm). The mean time of elongation was 2.8 months (2-5 months). Elongation index was 26 days for 1 cm of lengthening. The mean time of fixator removal was 9.2 months (4-13 months). Healing index was 58 day/1 cm (overall number of days for 1 cm lengthening). The complications occurred in all the patients. Although the risk of numerous complication is high, lower limbs lengthening in children with type I osteogeneis imperfecta is possible to perform and allows equalizing discrepant limbs or, at least reducing the difference.     

Changes of the Blood Lymphocyte Subpopulations and Their Functions Following 131I Treatment for Nodular Goitre and 32P Treatment for Polycythemia Vera

Summary

The blood lymphocyte population was examined in 34 patients who were treated with ¹³¹I for toxic or atoxic nodular goitre. One to three doses of 300–550 MBq of ¹³¹I were administered at 1-week intervals. Lymphocyte counts were found to be significantly reduced at both 1 and 6 weeks after treatment. This decrease was accompanied by a changed composition of the lymphocyte subpopulations. The frequency of lymphocytes expressing membrane receptors for C′3 (EAC-rosette forming cells) was significantly reduced at 1 and 6 weeks following ¹³¹I administration. At 6 weeks there was a small but statistically significant increase of the frequency of T cells as identified by Leu 1 monoclonal antibodies. This was essentially due to an increased proportion of helper/inducer T cells as identified by Leu 3 monoclonals. ¹³¹I treatment also decreased the capacity of lymphocytes to secrete immunoglobulins (Ig) when stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM). The greatest effect was observed for IgM. Secretion of IgG and IgA were less reduced. Mitogenic stimulations of lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A were not significantly changed. It is concluded that these findings, with the exception of mitogen reactivity, are largely similar to those occurring following external radiation therapy for cancer. It is suggested that blood lymphocytes passing through the continuously irradiated gland are damaged mainly by β-rays.

The effect of ³²P treatment on the blood lymphocyte population was examined in 16 patients with polycythemia vera. Before treatment the lymphocyte counts were within the normal range but the expression of certain membrane structures, as identified by monoclonal antibodies against total T cells (Leu 1 and 4), helper/inducer (Leu 3) and suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (Leu 2), were slightly decreased. Moreover, mitogenic responses of the lymphocytes to PHA and PWM-induced Ig secretion were impaired.

Following a single oral dose of ³²P (150–305 MBq), which normalized the production of erythrocytes and/or platelets, the blood lymphocyte counts were reduced by approximately 40 per cent 12 weeks after treatment. Examination of subsets demonstrated that the proportion of B-cells, as identified by B1 monoclonal antibodies, was decreased by the highest relative extent. On the other hand, lymphocytes expressing the above-mentioned T cell markers were somewhat increased. ³²P treatment markedly increased PHA reactivity but it further reduced PWM-induced Ig secretion. The latter observation was in agreement with the finding that serum concentrations of Ig were reduced after treatment.     

Endoscopic ligation of esophageal varices for prophylaxis of first bleeding in children and adolescents with portal hypertension: preliminary results of a prospective study

Background/purpose

Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) is effective in controlling rebleeding from esophageal varices in children, but there is no data on the use of EVL to prevent initial bleeding. The objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of EVL in preventing the first hemorrhage from esophageal varices in children.

Methods

Thirty-seven children with portal hypertension (22 liver cirrhosis, 15 portal vein thrombosis), aged 4 to 17 years (M = 9.5 ± 4.4 years) were included in the study. The criteria for inclusion were (1) no previous variceal bleeding; (2) the presence of esophageal varices classified grade II or more, and (3) their enlargement by at least I grade after 6 months of observation without endoscopic treatment or appearance of endoscopic signs of high bleeding risk. A Multi-Band Ligator was used, and 2 to 6 bands were fixed under general anesthesia during one procedure depending on the number and size of varices. Follow-up examinations were performed every 3 months, repeating the procedure if necessary. In total, 75 procedures of EVL were performed, from one to 5 in each patient

Results

Four patients underwent liver transplantation before eradication of varices. Two others were excluded from the observation because of lack of compliance to the protocol. Of the remaining 31 patients, eradication of varices was achieved in 28 children (90.3%) after 2.0 EVL sessions performed at 3-month intervals. The average time of follow-up after cessation of treatment is 16 months. No bleeding from varices occurred in any child during or after treatment. There were no differences in results between children with liver cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis. Development of hypertensive gastropathy was observed in 2 children with one episode of bleeding. Recurrence of varices without bleeding occurred in 3 children after 12, 13, and 28 months from eradication.

Conclusions

The study results confirmed that endoscopic variceal ligation is a safe and highly effective procedure in children with portal hypertension, regardless of its etiology. Eradication of esophageal varices was followed by 16 months free of bleeding. Prolonged observation is mandatory to conclude if preventive EVL influences the natural history of disease and diminishes the risk of first bleeding onset.     

A new approach to the diagnosis of children’s urolithiasis based on the Bonn Risk Index

Published data on the association between calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization and kidney stone disease in children are scarce. The aims of this study were to determine CaOx crystallization using the Bonn Risk Index (BRI) in children with urolithiasis in comparison to healthy controls, to evaluate the relationships between BRI and urinary parameters, such as pH, calciuria, oxaluria and citraturia, and to assess the association between BRI and the size of renal stones. We compared the BRI in 142 Caucasian children and adolescents (76 girls, 66 boys) aged 3-18 years with kidney stones and 210 healthy age- and sex-matched controls without urolithiasis. Urinary ionized calcium ([Ca2+]) was measured using a selective electrode, while the onset of spontaneous crystallization was determined using a photometer and titration with 40 mmol/L ammonium oxalate (Ox2-). The calculation of the BRI value was based on the Ca2+:Ox2- ratio. High-resolution renal ultrasonography was carried out to estimate the size of the renal stones. The BRI values were 15-fold higher in children with renal stones than in healthy children without stones. The same trend was shown by BRI/kg body weight (tenfold greater in children with renal stones than in healthy children without stones), BRI/per 1.73 m2 body surface (13-fold greater) and BRI/body mass index (23-fold greater). No association was observed between BRI and the diameter of stones. Children with kidney stones, both males and females, had an increased BRI compared with subjects without urolithiasis. High BRI suggests an association with lower urinary pH, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria or hypocitraturia, which are all risk factors of kidney stones. An increased BRI in children, although unrelated to renal stone size, reflects the risk of calcium oxalate crystallization and may indicate early metabolic disorders leading to urolithiasis.     

P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 (rPSGL-Ig)-Mediated Blockade of CD62 Selectin Molecules Protects Rat Steatotic Liver Grafts from Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

We examined the effects of early blockade of CD62 selectin-mediated adhesive interactions in steatotic rat liver models of ex vivo cold ischemia followed by reperfusion or transplantation by administration of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (rPSGL-Ig). In the model of cold ischemia/reperfusion, livers pretreated ex vivo with rPSGL-Ig at harvesting from obese Zucker rats showed significantly decreased portal resistance, increased bile production, and diminished hepatic endothelial neutrophil infiltration, as compared with untreated controls. Pretreatment of fatty livers with rPSGL-Ig prior to transplantation extended the survival of lean Zucker rat recipients from 40% to 90%. This effect correlated with significantly improved liver function, depressed neutrophil activity, and decreased histologic features of hepatocyte injury. Intragraft expression of CD62 P-selectin was similar in both recipient groups. rPSGL-Ig treatment decreased intragraft infiltration by CD3/CD25 cells, diminished expression of pro-inflammatory TNFalpha, IL-6, iNOS, IL-2 and IFN-gamma, without significantly affecting mRNA levels coding for anti-inflammatory IL-4. Thus, rPSGL-Ig blockade of CD62-mediated adhesive interactions protects against severe ischemia/reperfusion injury suffered otherwise by steatotic rat livers. These findings document the potential utility of rPSGL-Ig in increasing the transplant donor pool through modulation of marginal steatotic livers.     

Absence of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in the donor organ reduces ischemia and reperfusion injury in a murine liver transplantation model.

This study analyzes how toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in the donor organ affects the ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) sequel following liver transplantation. Isogenic orthotopic liver transplantations (OLTs) with rearterialization were performed in groups of wild-type (WT) and TLR4 knockout (KO) mice after donor liver preservation in University of Wisconsin solution at 4 degrees C for 24 hours. Unlike WT OLTs, TLR4-deficient OLTs transplanted to either WT or TLR4 KO recipients suffered significantly less hepatocellular damage, as evidenced by serum alanine aminotransferase levels, and histological Suzuki's grading of liver IRI. Disruption of TLR4 signaling in OLTs decreased local neutrophil sequestration, CD4+ T cell infiltration, interferon (IFN)-gamma-inducible protein 10 (CXCL10) and an intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, and IFN-gamma, yet increased IL-4 and IL-10 expression. The well-functioning OLTs from TLR4 KO donors revealed attenuated activity of capase-3, and enhanced heme oygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, along with decreased levels of apoptotic endothelial cells/hepatocytes, as compared with WT OLTs with intact TLR4 signaling. Thus, the functional sentinel TLR4 complex in the donor organ plays a key role in the mechanism of hepatic IRI after OLT. Disruption of TLR4 pathway downregulated the early proinflammatory responses and ameliorated hepatic IRI. These results provide the rationale to locally modify innate TLR4 signaling in the donor organ to more efficiently control the adaptive posttransplantation IRI-dependent responses.     

Outcome treatment of pseudoarthrosis of long bones with decortication method depends on osteosynthesis]

Purpose of work was estimation of the results of treatment of pseudoarthrosis of the long bone with the method of decortication, with use of autogenic bone depends on kind of pseudoarthrosis and kind of osteosynthesis. In the years 1995-2005 56 patients were treated because of pseudoarthrosis of long bone in our Clinic. Pseudoarthrosis is classified according to Weber-Cech classification. In the methodology of clinical estimation and subjective estimation of the patient Stewart and Hundley and Anderson classification were used. Union was achieved in 51 cases. Time of bone union achievement was 5 months. The results of treatment are depends on morfology of pseudoartrosis and are independs of kind of osteosynthesis.     

Transfer of the distal phalange of the ring finger as a method of reconstruction of the partially amputated thumb--preliminary report]

Loss of a thumb accounts for 60% decrease of functional value of the hand, thus any attempt of it's reconstruction is a priority in the field of hand surgery. Optimal reconstructive solution for subtotal thumb amputations has not been settled. The results of partial pollicization of ring finger in 5 adult men is presented. Four patients sustained distal subtotal thumb amputation (MCP joint level), one total amputation. In three patients the distal phalange of the ring finger was transferred with the DIP joint, FDP tendon and a fragment of extensor tendon. An effective movement of a newly created thumb's IP joint was achieved in two patients. In one patient with a total thumb amputation the transfer was followed by a pollicization of the second metacarpal with remnants of proximal phalange. The postoperative course was uneventful in all of the patients. The sensitivity tested on the pulp of the transferred finger equalized to the preoperative value, the hand strength was not diminished. The cosmetic result was excellent.     

Normative data on the Bonn Risk Index for calcium oxalate crystallization in healthy children

Bonn Risk Index (BRI) is being used for the assessment of urinary calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization. There are no published data regarding BRI during growth. The objective of this study was to establish age- and sex-dependent BRI values in healthy children and adolescents. A total of 1,050 Caucasian subjects aged 3–18 years (525 males, 525 females) without a history of kidney stone disease were enrolled in the cross-sectional study. The study group was divided into 15 ranges according to age, each comprising 70 subjects. Urinary ionized calcium [Ca²⁺] was measured using a selective electrode while the onset of spontaneous crystallization was determined using a photometer and titrating with 40 mmol/L ammonium oxalate (Ox²⁻). The calculation of BRI value was based on the ratio of [Ca²⁺] to the required amount of ammonium oxalate added to 200 ml of urine to induce crystallization. The median BRI was 0.26 1/L and the values of the 5th and 95th percentiles were 0.06 1/L and 1.93 1/L, respectively. BRI correlated positively with body-area-related BRI (1/L × 1.73 m²) (R = 0.18; P < 0.05), whereas a negative correlation was found between BRI and body weight (1/L × kg) (R = −0.85; P < 0.05). Neither sex nor age differences were detected in BRI across studied children and adolescents. The values of Bonn Risk Index were constant during growth and there was a limited influence of age and sex on BRI in children over 3 years of age. The BRI may be valuable in the evaluation of pediatric patients at risk for kidney stones, particularly if the BRI from stone formers is demonstrated to be higher than in normal children.