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??OBJECTIVE To evaluate retrospectively the clinical application of apatinib in a hospital. METHODS The medical records including apatinib were collected during April 2015 to March 2016. Then, the rationality and safety of drug use were evaluated. RESULTS The 84 patients used apatinib during this time, while 15.48% (15 patients) conformed to the approved indications. The major adverse reactions were gastrointestinal disorders, hypertension, skin disorders and myelosuppression. CONCLUSION Irrational use of apatinib such as off-label use, inadequate usage and dosage exists in clinic. Clinicians should pay close attention to the rationality of apatinib, and clinical pharmacists can improve the safety and effectiveness of therapeutic drugs by taking this as the breakthrough point.     

Effect of 2'-deoxycoformycin on erythroid, granulocytic, and T- lymphocyte colony growth

The finding of elevated intracellular levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in some patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia has led to attempts to control this disease with the adenosine deaminase inhibitor 2'-deoxycoformycin (dCF). Because of clinical reports indicating its relative freedom from myelotoxicity, we have tested the effects of this drug on erythroid, granulocytic, and T-lymphocyte colony formation by normal marrow and peripheral blood cells. While clinically the drug has been found to be active at serum concentrations of approximately 10 microM, we have tested it at concentrations up to and including 1 mM. It was found that both erythroid and granulocytic colony growth was completely unaffected by 1 mM dCF, a concentration at least 2 magnitudes higher than that necessary to totally ablate intracellular ADA levels. T-lymphocyte colony growth was unaffected by 100 microM dCF, but at 1 mM some inhibition was observed. These findings therefore indicate that dCF, while able to cause leukemic cell lysis in vivo, has no inhibitory effect on the proliferative capacity of normal hematopoietic cells.     

Influence of skeletal class in the morphology of cervical vertebrae: A study using cone beam computed tomography

Objectives:To quantify the prevalence of cervical vertebrae anomalies and to analyze any association between them and skeletal malocclusions or head posture positions in the same study.Materials and Methods:Two hundred forty patients who were attending the Department of Orthodontics of the University of Valencia for orthodontic treatment were selected and divided into three groups: skeletal Class I (control group, 0° <ANB < 4°), Class II (ANB ≥ 4°), and Class III (ANB ≤ 0°) according to ANB Steiner angle. The morphology of the first five cervical vertebrae was analyzed with cone beam computed tomography to identify any anomalies. Intra- and interobserver error methods were calculated.Results:Dehiscence and fusion of one unit (both 23.3%) and partial cleft (11.7%) were the most frequent anomalies, while occipitalization was the least common (3.3%). Dehiscence anomaly was observed when the control group was compared with Classes II and III and partial cleft anomaly when Class I was compared with Class III. Furthermore, NSBa and ss-N-sm/ANB angles were associated with partial cleft anomaly, while NSL/NL angle and extended head posture were associated with fusion anomaly.Conclusions:Fusion, dehiscence, and partial cleft were the most frequent cervical vertebrae anomalies. Dehiscence and partial cleft were found to present statistically significant differences between Class I and Classes II and III. Cervical vertebrae anomalies and head posture were associated with fusion.     

Determination of Chemical Antioxidants and Phenolic Compounds in the Brazilian Mushroom Agaricus sylvaticus

Agaricus sylvaticus mushroom has been widely studied because of its high nutritional value and medicinal properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of both alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Agaricus sylvaticus and quantify their total polyphenol content. The antioxidant activity was performed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity and total polyphenol content was assessed by colorimetric method. Observation also noted the great antioxidant potential of aqueous, alcoholic and ethereal extracts (14.6%, 75.6% and 14.6%, respectively) of the Agaricus sylvaticus mushroom, highlighting the alcoholic extract, which demonstrates the extraordinary benefits of this mushroom in the diet, since antioxidants prevent premature ageing and various types of cancer.     

D2 lymphadenectomy in the management of gastric cancer

Background Gastric carcinoma is a significant cause of death in Ireland. Surgery offers the best option of cure, but the five-year survival following resection remains dismal at 10–15%. Experience from Japan and from some Western units suggest that an extended (D2) lymphadenectomy in association with gastrectomy increases the prospect of cure, but concern about the morbidity and mortality of this operation and lack of evidence from randomised studies has limited its acceptance. Aims This study reports the experience of a specialist upper gastrointestinal unit with D2 gastrectomy in a four-year audit. Methods Sixty-two resections were performed for gastric cancer. Results Nineteen patients were deemed unsuitable for the D2 procedure and underwent a more limited lymphadenectomy (DO or D1). Forty-three patients underwent D2 resection, 12 with an oesophagogastrectomy, 22 with total gastrectomy and nine with a sub-total distal resection. Eight patients undergoing D2 resection had extended resections, five with splenectomy and three with a distal pancreatectomy. Post-operative complications occurred in 31% of patients. Thirty-day and 90-day mortality were zero. Median survival was 822 days in the D2 group (range 120–1,320). Conclusions These results show that a D2 gastrectomy can be performed with a low morbidity and mortality and a median survival of greater than two years.     

宫腔镜对绝经后子宫出血的诊治价值

目的:探讨宫腔镜技术对绝经后子宫出血的临床应用价值。方法:对2009年8月～2011年8月在吉林市妇产医院就诊的125例绝经后子宫出血的患者给予宫腔镜检查,行取环术或活检、宫腔镜电切,并送病理检查。结果:未取出节育环12例,三苯氧胺或激素替代后患者5例;萎缩性子宫内膜43例,子宫内膜增生26例,子宫内膜息肉24例,黏膜下子宫肌瘤8例,子宫内膜癌6例,低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤1例,病理符合率分别为90.7%、76.9%、83.3%、100.0%、100.0%、0.0%。结论:宫腔镜对绝经后子宫出血的诊治无可替代,病理符合率高。     

Effects of different antigenic microenvironments on the course of CD8+ T cell responses in vivo

The influence of microenvironment on the course of CD8⁺ T cellresponses in vivo was investigated by injecting H-2K^b-specificT cells from donor TCR transgenlc (TCR-Tg) mice into H-2K^b-tagmice. H-2K^b expression in recipients was either ubiquitous (CBKmice) or restricted to myeloid and erythroid cells (Kßmice). Donor T cells proliferated as extensively and acquiredsimilar surface phenotypes in spleen of both recipient types.Thus, neither the restricted pattern of H-2K^b expression northe significantly reduced level of H-2K^b expression by myeloldcells in Kß recipients affects the ability of thesplenic microenvironment to prime T cell proliferation in vivo.However, an unsustained burst of cytolytic activity was generatedrapidly in spleen of CBK recipients, whereas relatively littlecytolytic activity was generated in Kß spleen. Thisindicates that effector T cells were not generated efficientlyin spleen of Kß recipients even though extensive Tcell proliferation was taking place in this microenvironment.Furthermore, activated donor T cells dispersed rapidly throughoutprimary and secondary lymphoid organs of Kß recipients,whereas few T cells migrated from spleen in CBK recipients.Consequently, the course of CD8⁺ T cell responses and the anatomicaldistribution of activated T cells are profoundly influencedby the nature of the antigenlc microenvironment encounteredin vivo. We conclude that T cells rapidly proliferate and acquirenew tissue-homing characteristics but do not differentiate intocytolytic effector cells at the site of priming when they encountermyelold cells expressing low levels of antigen in vivo.     

Unilateral oophorectomy in polycystic ovary syndrome: a treatment option in highly selected cases?

We performed unilateral oophorectomy (UO) in three patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and long-standing infertility. The indication for performing this procedure was a combination of ovarian pathology and the long-standing infertility. All three patients were resistant to clomiphene citrate and before UO all patients had been treated unsuccessfully with gonadotrophins and in-vitro fertilization. All three patients became ovulatory within the first month after UO. Two patients conceived 11 and 12 months after surgery respectively and delivered healthy babies. Testosterone concentrations decreased in two patients to upper values of the normal range and remained unchanged in one patient. We conclude that restoration of ovulation can be a beneficial side-effect of UO in clomiphene citrate resistant patients with PCOS and long-standing infertility.