Alteration of fertility endpoints in adult male F-344 rats by subchronic exposure to inhaled benzo(a)pyrene

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reproductive risk associated with exposure of adult male Fisher-344 rats to inhaled benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Rats were assigned randomly to a treatment or control group. Treatment consisted of sub-chronic exposure of rats via inhalation to 75microgBaP/m(3), 4h daily for 60 days, while control animals were unexposed (UNC). Blood samples were collected immediately after the cessation of exposures (time 0) and subsequently at 24, 48, and 72h, to assess the effect of bioavailable BaP on plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Rats were sacrificed after the last blood collection. Testes were harvested, weighed and prepared for histology and morphometric analysis, and cauda epididymides were isolated for the determination of progressive motility and density of stored spermatozoa. BaP exposure reduced testis weight compared with UNC (mean+/-SE; 2.01+/-0.11 versus 3.04+/-0.16g; P<0.025), and caused significant reductions in the components of the steroidogenic and spermatogenic compartments of the testis. Progressive motility and mean density of stored spermatozoa were reduced (P<0.05). Plasma testosterone concentrations were decreased by two-thirds in BaP-exposed rats throughout the time periods studied compared with those of their UNC counterparts (P<0.05), concomitant with increased concentrations of LH in BaP-exposed rats (P<0.05). These data suggest that sub-chronic exposure to inhaled BaP contribute to reduced testicular and epididymal function in exposed rats.     

妊娠糖尿病孕妇血液指标及妊娠结局分析

目的：观察妊娠糖尿病孕妇血液指标变化及妊娠结局。方法：选取2011年6月-2012年11月在本院检查并分娩的全部妊娠糖尿病孕妇（妊娠糖尿病组）共163例,另随机选取在本院检查并分娩的正常孕妇163例（OGTT试验阴性）作为对照组,对比分析两组孕妇血液指标及妊娠结局。结果：随访326例孕妇的血液指标及妊娠结局,妊娠糖尿病组甘油三酯、谷丙转氨酶、新生儿出生体重、子痫发病率较正常孕妇组高（P〈0.05）;正常孕妇组孕妇贫血发病率高于妊娠糖尿病组（P〈0.05）;血液胆固醇、尿酸、谷草转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶及分娩周数、妊娠高血压、妊娠期肝功能受损、妊娠肝内胆汁淤积综合征、胎盘功能不良、胎膜早破、新生儿窒息、早产、新生儿先天性心脏病、妊娠合并血小板减少症等两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：妊娠糖尿病对孕妇及妊娠结局有影响,应加强妊娠糖尿病营养宣教及饮食指导,妊娠糖尿病孕妇应严格控制好血糖,改善妊娠结局。     

Clinical use of a modified release methylphenidate in the treatment of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed neurobehavioural disorder in childhood, affecting over 5% of children worldwide. As well as the core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, patients often exhibit learning difficulties and impairment in social functioning. The frequency of referral is higher for boys than for girls (about 2:1), and girls are generally older at the time of referral. Pharmacological therapy is considered the first-line treatment for patients with severe ADHD and severe impairment. Stimulant medications are licensed in the UK for the management of ADHD in school-age children and young people, and are effective in controlling ADHD symptoms. While immediate-release preparations of methylphenidate (MPH) have proven effective in the treatment of ADHD, there are a number of problems associated with their use, most notably compliance, stigma and medication diversion. Modified release preparations are now available that overcome the need for multiple daily dosing, and which offer different MPH release profiles, thereby enabling the physician to match the medication to the patient's particular requirements. This review describes the diagnosis, referral and treatment pathways for patients with ADHD in the UK and the practical considerations when initiating pharmacological treatment. The clinical experience of treating ADHD with a modified-release MPH preparation (Equasym XL^®) is illustrated with case studies.     

Risk of adverse maternal outcome following macrosomic birth in Nigeria

Objective: To determine the risk of adverse maternal outcome associated with obstetric intervention in labour.Methods:All cases of macrosomic births conducted at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital,Calabar,between January 1st 1994 and December 31st 2000 were reviewed.Measure of treatment/intervention effect was calculated as relative risk for adverse maternal outcome,using spontaneous vaginal births as control.Results:Frequency of mode of delivery was as follow: vaginal births,139(60.7%);instrumental vaginal deliveries,16(7%);and abdominal deliveries,74(32.3%).Obstetric intervention occurred in 90(39.3%) cases.Sixty-four(28%) cases did not book for antenatal care,with 42 cases(18.3%) requiring obstetric intervention.About one in every two parturients(1: 2.1) in this study,requiring obstetric intervention at delivery had been interfered with at unorthodox health facilities.Relative risks for postpartum haemorrhage,wound sepsis and paralytic ileus were significantly high in parturients with abdominal delivery;while in parturients with instrumental vaginal delivery relative risks were significantly high for puerperal sepsis,paralytic ileus and obstetric palsy.There were no maternal deaths.Conclusion:Obstetric intervention in parturients with macrosomic births was high due to labour complications;and was associated with significant risk for adverse maternal outcome,especially in parturients with unskilled interference.     

北京社区2型糖尿病患者血脂异常情况分析：北京社区糖尿病研究8

目的了解北京社区2型糖尿病患者血脂异常状况。方法选择2008年8月至2009年7月北京三甲医院与15个城区社区联合开展糖尿病纵向管理项目基线数据库中的3316例2型糖尿病患者,分析其血脂情况。血脂异常的诊断根据2007年中国成人血脂异常防治指南。结果①3316例中男性1329例,女性1987例,平均年龄（65±10）岁。75．6％（2506／3316）患者至少有一种血脂异常,其中男性72．5％（964／1329）,女性77．6％（1542／1987）;②高TG血症、高Tc血症的患病率分别为41．9％（1388／3316）、48．1％（1595／3316）,31．5％（1043／3316）患者LDL－C水平升高,21．2％（703／3316）患者HDL－C水平降低;血脂异常患者中已接受降脂药治疗者575例（22．9％）,有血脂异常史者1393例TG、总TC、LDL－C和HDL-C的达标率分别为48．0％（669／1393）、17．4％（242／1393）、30．9％（430／1393）和75．8％（1056／1393）;③血脂异常组患者BMI、腰围、血压、血糖、糖化血红蛋白及尿酸水平均较高;④超重、血糖控制未达标组有较高的血脂异常患病率,分别为79．0％（1678／2125）、78．9％（1756／2227）;⑤回归分析显示,血脂异常与性别、年龄、糖化血红蛋白、BMI均相关。结论北京社区2型糖尿病患者血脂异常患病率较高,血脂异常人群中接受降脂药物治疗率很低。血脂异常与年龄、BMI及糖化血红蛋白均有关。对社区2型糖尿病患者除控制血糖外,还应重视脂代谓十紊乱。     

Y-盒结合蛋白1在乳腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的：检测Y-盒结合蛋白1（YB-1）在乳腺癌及癌旁正常乳腺组织中的表达,探讨其与乳腺癌发生、发展的关系。方法收集河北大学附属医院2012年9月至11月期间手术切除的乳腺癌组织（均为术后石蜡病理确诊为浸润性导管癌）标本30例,癌旁正常乳腺组织标本10例。应用免疫组织化学染色的方法检测组织中 YB-1的表达。结果免疫组化结果显示,YB-1在癌旁正常乳腺组织细胞中无表达或低表达;在乳腺癌组织中高表达,阳性表达率为80%,与癌旁正常乳腺组织相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。YB-1在Ⅰ期乳腺癌组织中的免疫组化评分显著低于Ⅱ期乳腺癌组织（2.6±1.511 vs.4.2±1.182, P＜0.05）。YB-1在无腋窝淋巴结转移的乳腺癌组织中的表达显著低于伴腋窝淋巴结转移的乳腺癌组织（2.8±1.15 vs.5.1±0.74,P＜0.05）。结论 YB-1乳腺癌中表达上调与乳腺癌临床分期及淋巴结转移有关。     

Acute and subchronic oral toxicities of benzo[a]pyrene in F-344 rats.

We have studied the acute and subchronic oral toxicities of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in male and female F-344 rats. Single acute BaP doses of 0, 100, 600, and 1000 mg /kg dissolved in peanut oil were administered by oral gavage. Subchronic doses of 0, 5, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day were administered for 90 days in the animal diet. The major toxicological endpoints examined included animal body weight, selected tissue weights, and histopathological examinations (liver, kidney, stomach, prostate, testes, and ovaries). In addition, we examined blood elements: red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hematocrit (MCH), and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), blood chemistry (ALT, AST, and BUN), and urine chemistry (glucose, bilirubin, specific gravity, pH, protein, urobilinogen, nitrite, occult blood, and leucocytes). In the acute study, WBC were significantly decreased and mean cell-hemoglobin concentration was significantly increased, both in males only. The liver:body weight ratio was significantly increased in males and females (up to 30%). None of the blood chemistry or urine parameters were significantly affected. In the subchronic study, mean body weight was significantly decreased in males only (13%), and the liver:body weight ratio in males was significantly increased. Several of the blood elements were significantly decreased in males and females after 90 days; RBCs (up to 10%), Hct (up to 12%), and Hgb (up to 12%). For blood chemistry parameters (AST, ALT, BUN), only BUN in males was significantly increased in the high dose group (100 mg/kg) at the 90 day time point. The histopathological examination of selected tissues showed significant abnormalities (tubular casts) only in the male kidney, at the 2 highest doses, after 90 days. These studies indicate that the acute and subchronic toxicities of BaP are relatively low, BaP affects specific blood elements and organs, and BaP has a greater effect on males than females. The induction of non-carcinogenic kidney abnormalities in males only may be indicative of renal dysfunction and further substantiates an apparent sex difference in tolerance to BAP:     

体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向肾小管上皮样细胞分化

Objective To investigate the differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to renal tubular epithelial-like cells under different conditions. Methods MSCs were obtained from rat marrow. MSCs were isolated by gradient density centrifugation and plastic adherence and then purified. Surface markers were identified with flow cytometry after amplification in vitro. The purified MSCs of the third passage were cultured respectively as follows: (1) control group: DMEM medium with fetal bovine serum(FBS). (2) all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) group: DMEM medium with FBS, ATRA and ischemic reperfusion-injured kidney tissue homogenate. (3)combination group: DMEM medium with FBS, ATRA, ischemic reperfusion-injured kidney tissue homogenate, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7). After 7 days, the MSCs were collected for alkaline phosphatase (AKP) staining, cytokeratin-18 and E-cadherin immunocytochemical analysis. Results The positive rates of the third passage MSCs in CD44, CD90 and CD29 were 97.8%±0.9%, 96.8%±1.4% and 97.6%±2.4%,respectively, but in CD11b/c and CD34 were only 13.2%±0.6% and 1.2%±0.5%. The MSCs in control group were spindle. The MSCs in ATRA group were round and elliptic. The MSCs in combination group became cobblestone-like cells after 7 days. AKP staining showed that tubular epithelial-like cells from MSCs in control group were negative, some above cells in ATRA group were positive and number of above cells increased in combination group. Compared with negative control group, the ratios of cytokeratin-18 positive cells in ATRA group and combination group were respectively increassed by 29.47%±1.08% and 47.52%±2.13% (all P<0.05), the ratios of E-cadherin positive cells in ATRA group and combination group were respectively increased by 14.88%±2.46% and 36.15%±1.13% (all P<0.05). Conclusion MSCs may differentiate by renal tubular epithelial-like cells under the induction of ischemic reperfusion-injured kidney tissue homogenate and ATRA in vitro, which are further differentiated under the combined induction of EGF and BMP-7.     

How well do adolescents recall use of mobile telephones? Results of a validation study

Background  

In the last decade mobile telephone use has become more widespread among children. Concerns expressed about possible health risks have led to epidemiological studies investigating adverse health outcomes associated with mobile telephone use. Most epidemiological studies have relied on self reported questionnaire responses to determine individual exposure. We sought to validate the accuracy of self reported adolescent mobile telephone use.