失血性休克大鼠凝血因子的变化研究

本研究观察SD大鼠失血性休克过程中凝血因子的变化 ,探讨凝血连锁反应在休克发生、发展过程中的作用机制。制作大鼠失血性休克模型后 ,4 0只大鼠随机分为休克前组、休克 1、2、4、6、8、12和 2 4小时组。分别检测各组假血管性血友病因子 (vWF) ,凝血因子Ⅷ (FⅧ ) ,组织因子 (TF) ,D 二聚体 (D D) ,纤维蛋白原 (FIB)的血浆浓度及观察凝血酶原时间 (PT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间 (APTT)变化。结果表明 :与休克前比较 ,各休克组PT、APTT逐渐延长 ,于休克后 4 - 6小时显著延长 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,APTT平均 5 9.7秒 ,PT平均 30 .2秒。休克后 ,血浆D 二聚体显著增加 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,于休克 8小时达到峰值。血浆vWF、FⅧa、TF、FIB于休克早期增加 ,随着休克的发展 ,纤维蛋白原于休克 2小时开始明显下降 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,休克 12小时降至最低值。TF、vWF、FⅧa分别于休克 6小时、8小时开始明显下降 (P <0 .0 0 1或P <0 .0 5 )。凝血因子消耗比率 :FⅧ为 (86 .1± 1.8% ) ,纤维蛋白原为 (89.6± 0 .6 % ) ,假血管性血友病因子为 (5 5± 1.4 % ) ,组织因子为 (6 2± 2 .5 % ) ,其中 ,FⅧ、纤维蛋白原消耗比例较大。失血性休克时以外源性凝血途径激活为主 ,内源性凝血途径作用较小。纤维蛋白原和D 二聚体、PT、APTT可用     

IMPROVEMENT IN WALKING PERFORMANCE OF CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY: PRELIMINARY RESULTS

The effect of four to six months use of ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) and balance training was determined for six children with cerebral palsy. The six consecutively referred patients had spastic diplegia or hemiplegia, with hyperextension of the knee, and had accurate voluntary control of the trunk and hips. Fixed AFOs were adjusted to control the position of the ground reaction force in relation to the knees. Balance training was targeted to the knees. All children showed a decrease in the magnitude of the knee-extending moment arm toward normal when barefoot. Improvement was noted in foot-ground contact for three children and of stance-phase posture for three. These improvements were not related to range of motion or speed, and a motor learning effect is proposed. The value of monitoring the moment arm is emphasised.     

Family presence during resuscitation and invasive procedures

The practice of allowing family to be present during patient resuscitation or invasive procedures (Family Presence) is gaining acceptance in North America and the United Kingdom in controlled circumstances. Research into Family Presence has demonstrated multiple benefits for the patient, family and health care team. These advantages include helping the family to understand the severity of the illness/trauma and to see that appropriate attempts were undertaken to save their loved one. Family Presence can also facilitate improved communication between the health care team and family. In spite of evidence supporting Family Presence as a useful practice for patient, family and health care team, the use of Family Presence is uncommon within Australian emergency departments and hospitals. Clear expectations at organisational, governmental and professional levels are essential to effectively implement this approach. To be supported in the clinical area, the success of a Family Presence program requires an inclusive approach to program development. A critical component of a successful Family Presence program is a family facilitator who is adequately prepared for the role and committed to supporting the family during resuscitation or invasive procedures. Research exploring Family Presence in Australia is lacking and highlights the need for context specific research in this area.     

Is caring the ethical ideal?

This paper will examine the claim that caring is an appropriate ethical ideal for nursing. Initially it will examine nursing's philosophy of care and caring, highlighting some areas of difficulty and dissatisfaction articulated by many of its contemporary theorists Evaluation of the notion of caring as an appropriate ethical ideal for nursing will be balanced against those in opposition, and in this process their critique will be discussed This discussion will focus on areas such as virtue, virtue ethics, moral responsibility, feminine values, mothering and the debate between male and female caring Different forms of caring will be evaluated and balanced against different forms of nursing The paper will then suggest that current views which hold aloft nursing as a bedmate of caring may be detrimental to both the cared-for and the carer, advocating in the process a move toward change     

Establishing good practices in continuing care: a descriptive study of community nursing services for people with HIV infection

This paper presents findings from a 2-year study of community nursing services for people affected by HIV infection in six health authorities in England The research, commissioned by the Department of Health, England, aimed to identify the main bridges and barriers to effective home nursing care, focusing on discharge co-ordination, district nursing and multi-agency collaboration Using a triangulated, case study approach, the main methods of data collection included non-participant observation, case note analysis, semi-structured staff interviews, a postal questionnaire of district nurses and a series of focus groups with service users Study sites included three cities and surrounding districts in the north west, north and south east of England Findings suggest there is considerable room for improvement in discharge planning and that good practice is not the preserve of specialist units District nurses are shown to be willing providers of the majority of home nursing care to this client group, but there is a need for more focused training, greater use of care co-ordinators and more emotional and managerial support     

A preliminary study of users' and nursing students' views of the role of the mental health nurse

This paper is a preliminary study, part of a larger project which is endeavouring to ascertain the views of both users of mental health services and those of mental health branch students as to their perceived and desired role of the mental health nurse Four groups of users (n = 28) and four groups of students (n=44) were contacted, and recorded group discussions took place in gaining qualitative data that would feed into the main body of research The views expressed by both users and students are interestingly convergent, but much concern was expressed as to the needed changes in the provision of the service and the danger for students on qualifying to become quickly incorporated into the prevailing dominant culture