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991.
Leslee J. Shaw Romalisa Miranda-Peats Piotr Slomka John Friedman Sean W. Hayes Daniel S. Berman Gary V. Heller Marcin Dada William E. Boden Paul Casperson Robert A. O’Rourke Ronald Schwartz William S. Weintraub David J. Maron Spencer King Koon Teo Pamela Hartigan 《Journal of nuclear cardiology》2006,13(5):685-698
Background Stress gated myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (gSPECT) is increasingly used before and after
intercurrent therapeutic intervention and is the basis for ongoing evaluation in the Department of Veterans Affairs clinical
outcomes utilizing revascularization and aggressive drug evaluation (COURAGE) trial.
Methods and Results The COURAGE trial is a North American multicenter randomized clinical trial that enrolled 2287 patients to aggressive medical
therapy vs percutaneous coronary intervention plus aggressive medical therapy. Three COURAGE nuclear substudies have been
designed. The goals of substudy 0 are to examine the diagnostic accuracy of the extent and severity of inducible ischemia
at baseline in COURAGE patients compared with patient symptoms and quantitative coronary angiography and to explore the relationship
between inducible ischemia and the benefit from revascularization when added to medical therapy. Substudy 1 will correlate
the extent and severity of provocative ischemia with the frequency, quality, and instability of recurrent symptoms in postcatheterization
patients. Substudy 2 (n _ 300) will examine the usefulness of sequential gSPECT monitoring 6 to 18 months after therapeutic
intervention. Together, these nuclear substudies will evaluate the role of gSPECT to determine the effectiveness of aggressive
risk-factor modifications, lifestyle interventions, and anti-ischemic medical therapies with or without revascularization
in reducing patients’ ischemic burdens.
Conclusions The unfolding of evidence on the application of gSPECT in trials such as COURAGE defines a new era for nuclear cardiology.
We hope the evidence that emerges from the COURAGE trial will further establish the role of nuclear imaging in the evidence-based
management of patients with stable coronary disease.
The COURAGE trial was supported by the Cooperative Studies Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research
and Development in collaboration with the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Unrestricted research grants were obtained
from Merck & Co; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals; Bristol-Myers Squibb Medical Imaging; Astellas Pharma; Kos Pharmaceuticals; Data
Scope; Astra Zeneca Pharmaceuticals; Astra-Zeneca-Canada; Schering-Plough Coorporation, Ltd; Sanofi-Aventis, Inc; First Horizon;
and GE Healthcare. All industrial funding for this trial was directed through the Department of Veterans Affairs. Additional
funding for this substudy was provided by grants to the Department of Veterans Affairs and Canadian Institutes of Health Research
from Astellas Pharma and Bristol-Myers-Squibb Medical Imaging. 相似文献
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993.
994.
Local mucosal immunoglobulin E production: does allergy exist in non‐allergic rhinitis? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this review, we critically evaluate the evidence for local IgE production in allergic rhinitis mucosa and the concept of local allergy in non-atopic idiopathic rhinitis. Significantly, fewer studies have focused on the disease pathways associated with non-allergic rhinitis compared with their allergic counterparts. Recently, there's been a revival of the hypothesis concerning the existence of local tissue-specific allergic disease confined to the nasal mucosa of some systemically non-atopic rhinitis subjects. Providing the evidence for local mucosal IgE production in allergic rhinitis is a pre-requisite to reviewing its existence in non-allergic rhinitis. In addition, practical and theoretical approaches useful in the detection of allergy in non-allergic rhinitis will be discussed. Furthermore, successful therapeutic regimens used in the treatment of non-allergic rhinitis will be examined as these could provide an insight into the underlying pathophysiology of this common but poorly understood disease. 相似文献
995.
Angela Bryan Reuben N Robbins Monica S Ruiz Dennis O'Neill 《Health education & behavior》2006,33(2):154-177
Prisons and prison inmates present important targets for HIV/AIDS prevention interventions. Inmates often have histories of high-risk behavior that place them in danger of contracting HIV/AIDS, and rates of HIV/AIDS tend to be much higher in this population. The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a prison-based HIV/AIDS intervention to change attitudes toward HIV prevention, norms supporting HIV prevention, perceived behavioral control (i.e., self-efficacy) for HIV prevention behaviors, and intentions to engage in HIV prevention behaviors postrelease. The intervention also had the goal of encouraging inmates to become HIV/AIDS peer educators. The intervention appeared most successful at influencing beliefs and behaviors related to peer education and somewhat successful at influencing beliefs and intentions related to condom use. Analyses also showed some significant differences in effectiveness by race/ethnicity. Results are discussed from the perspectives of both research and practice with regard to prison-based HIV prevention efforts. 相似文献
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997.
H. S. Tilney R. E. Lovegrove S. Purkayastha A. G. Heriot A. W. Darzi P. P. Tekkis 《Colorectal disease》2006,8(5):441-450
AIM: The present meta-analysis aims to compare short-term and long-term outcomes in patients undergoing laparoscopic or open subtotal colectomy for benign and malignant disease. METHODS: A literature search of Medline, Ovid, Embase and Cochrane databases was performed to identify studies published between 1992 and 2005, comparing laparoscopic (LSC) and open (OSC) subtotal colectomy. A random effect meta-analytical technique was used and sensitivity analysis performed on studies published since the beginning of 2000, higher quality papers, those reporting on more than 40 patients, and those studies reporting on adult cases or acute colitis. RESULTS: A total of eight studies satisfied the criteria for inclusion. These included outcomes on 336 patients, 143 (42.6%) of whom had undergone laparoscopic resection, with an overall conversion rate to open surgery of 5% (range 0-11.8%). Operative time was significantly longer in the laparoscopic group by 86.2 min (P < 0.001) and throughout subgroup analysis, although it was only in patients with acute colitis that this finding was without significant heterogeneity. Operative blood loss was less in the laparoscopic group by 57.5 millilitres in high quality and studies published since 2000, and 65.3 millilitres in those reporting on more than 40 patients. There was no significant difference in early or long-term complications between the groups. A statistically significant reduction in length of postoperative stay was observed in the laparoscopic groups by 2.9 days (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic subtotal colectomy was associated with longer operating times but a reduced length of stay compared to open surgery. Although short-term outcomes were equivalent in both groups, the suggested benefits in terms of reduced long-term obstructive complications were not supported by this meta-analysis. 相似文献
998.
C. Olgart Höglund J. Axén C. Kemi S. Jernelöv J. Grunewald C. Müller-Suur Y. Smith R. Grönneberg A. Eklund P. Stierna M. Lekander 《Clinical and experimental allergy》2006,36(8):982-992
BACKGROUND: Stress can aggravate the allergic inflammation, but determinants of disturbed immune regulation are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine systemic immunological, local inflammatory and functional airway responses to stress in healthy and atopic individuals. METHODS: Forty-one undergraduate students, 22 with allergy of whom 16 had asthma, and 19 healthy controls, were studied in a low-stress period and in association with a large exam. Subjects completed questionnaires on stress and health behaviours, underwent lung function tests, bronchial methacholine challenge, measurements of exhaled nitric oxide and urine cortisol. Blood cells were phenotyped, and cytokines from mononuclear blood cells were analysed. RESULTS: Perceived stress and anxiety increased in both groups during the exam period while cortisol increased only in the atopy group. Cytokine production decreased broadly in response to stress in both groups, which was paralleled by an increase in the proportion of regulatory T cells (CD4(+)CD45RO(+)CD25(bright)). Interestingly, atopic individuals, but not controls, reacted with a decreased T-helper type 1/T-helper type 2 (Th1/Th2) ratio and a decrease in natural killer (NK) cell numbers in response to stress. In control subjects only, exhaled nitric oxide decreased and forced expiratory volume in one second increased during stress. CONCLUSION: Atopic and non-atopic subjects shared some immune changes in response to stress, such as a dramatic decline in cytokines and an increase in the number of regulatory T cells in peripheral blood. However, other stress-induced immune changes were unique to atopic individuals, such as a skewed Th1/Th2 ratio and reduced NK cell numbers, indicating that some pathogenic mechanisms in atopics may be more strongly affected by stress than others. 相似文献
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