Double germline mutations in the RET Proto-oncogene in MEN 2A and MEN 2B kindreds.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare form of thyroid cancer representing about 10% of all thyroid malignancies. It occurs mostly as a sporadic tumor or in association with autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndromes--multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B and familial MTC. Germline mutations in exons 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16 of the RET proto-oncogene are found in most of the familial cases. There are only a few published data reporting multiple germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. We have detected double germline mutations in 2 different exons on the same RET allele in two MEN 2 families. In the MEN 2A family, double germline mutation in exons 10 (Cys620Phe) and 13 (Tyr791Phe) was detected. In the MEN 2B family, beside the classical germline mutation in exon 16 (Met918Thr) a second germline mutation in exon 13 (Tyr791Phe) was found. This study revealed that MEN 2 syndromes can also be caused by double germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene and these families can be added to small worldwide cohort of families with multiple germline mutations.     

Relationship between peripheral diabetic neuropathy and microvascular reactivity in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus -- neuropathy and microcirculation in diabetes.

The aim of the study was to evaluate differences in the relationship between peripheral diabetic neuropathy and microvascular reactivity in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Twenty-eight type 1 and 37 type 2 diabetic patients were included in the study. Control groups consisted of 18 and 25, age and body mass index matched healthy persons. The presence of peripheral neuropathy was estimated by vibration perception threshold higher than 20 V evaluated by biothesiometry. Microvascular reactivity was examined by laser doppler fluxmetry using postocclusive reactive hyperemia and thermal hyperemia. The following variables of vascular reactivity were examined: peak flow after occlusion as a difference between maximal and basal perfusion (PORH (max)), mean velocity increase during postocclusive hyperemia (PORH (max)/t (1)), peak flow during thermal hyperemia (TH (max)) and the mean velocity increase in the perfusion during thermal hyperemia (TH (max)/t (2)). These parameters are expressed in perfusion units (PU) or in perfusion units per second (PU . s (-1)). The microvascular reactivity in type 1 diabetic patients without evidence of peripheral neuropathy was comparable with that in healthy persons and it was significantly higher than in type 1 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy in all tested parameters (PORH (max): 64 [40; 81] PU vs. 24 [17; 40] PU, p < 0.001, PORH (max)/t (1): 5.41 [2.69; 8.18] PU/s vs. 1.21 [0.69; 2.5] PU/s, p < 0.001, TH (max): 105 [77; 156] PU vs. 56 [46; 85] PU, p < 0.001 and TH (max)/t (2): 2.48 [1.67; 3.33] PU/s vs. 0.87 [0.73; 1.06] PU/s, p < 0.001). On the contrary, no difference in the microvascular reactivity parameters was found between type 2 diabetic patients with and without neuropathy (PORH (max): 48 [30; 60] PU vs. 49 [36; 57] PU, NS, PORH (max)/t (1): 3.46 [2.15; 5.19] PU/s vs. 3.29 [2.45; 4.8] PU/s, NS, TH (max): 95 [78; 156] PU vs. 97 [73; 127] PU, NS and TH (max)/t (2): 1.45 [0.95; 2.84] PU/s vs. 1.37 [1.12; 1.95] PU/s, NS). In both these groups microvascular reactivity was comparable with that estimated in the age and BMI matched healthy persons. An inverse relationship was observed between microvascular reactivity and vibratory perception threshold in type 1 diabetic patients, but it was not true in type 2 diabetic patients. We suppose that the pathogenesis of neuropathy and impaired microvascular reactivity may be differently influenced by metabolic factors in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients.     

Surgical Complications and Long-Term Outcome of Different Biliary Reconstructions in Liver Transplantation for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis—Choledochoduodenostomy versus Choledochojejunostomy

Choledochojejunostomy (CJS) is commonly used for biliary reconstruction in liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We alternatively performed choledochoduodenostomy (CDS) and side-to-side choledochodocholedochstomy in a large cohort of patients. Fifty-one patients with PSC, transplanted between 1988 and 2000, were analyzed retrospectively. Biliary reconstruction was CDS in 25 (49%), CJS in 20 (39%) and CC in 6 transplantations (12%). Biliary leaks occurred in the early follow-up (< or =41 days) only in CDS patients (20%). However, in the late follow-up (>4 months), stricturing of anastomosis was found once in CDS (4%) and CJS (5%). Later (>9 months), intrahepatic bile duct strictures were diagnosed in four CDS (16%), one CJS (5%) and one CC (17%) patient(s). In 48% of CDS (12/25), 60% of CJS (12/20) and 17% of CC (1/6) at least one incidence of cholangitis was observed. Overall, biliary complication rates were significantly higher in CDS (40%) than CJS (10%) and CC (17%); of those none in CC and 12% in CDS were anastomosis-related. Graft/patient survival showed no significant differences among groups. Based on our results we consider CJS the standard method for biliary reconstruction in PSC; however, in selected cases where CJS is difficult to accomplish because of previous surgery or for retransplantation, CDS may present an alternative technique.     

微板紫外速率法漏检高值ALT标本一例

谷丙氨基转移酶（Alanine asninotrasferase，ALT）检测是采供血机构血液必检项目之一，ALT检测作为早期肝病诊断的一项非特异性指标，有助于鉴别与输血相关肝炎病毒携带者，同时可以在一定程度上弥补某些肝炎病毒标志物未被检测及“窗口期”的缺陷，有助于预防输血相关肝炎的传播。我血站实验室采用微板为载体的方法进行血清ALT检测：微板紫外速率法为初检方法；微板丙酮酸氧化酶法为复检方法。在检测过程中一例高值ALT血样，微板紫外速率法检测结果为6．6U／L，出现假阴性结果造成漏检，现报告如下：     

邹城市预防艾滋病健康教育效果评价

目的评价预防艾滋病健康教育与行为干预效果。方法采用问卷方式对社区居民进行预防艾滋病信息的可及性及知信行的调查。结果社区居民艾滋病知晓率为97.41%,熟悉艾滋病传播途径的87.78%,62.78%的认为艾滋病病人或感染者和正常人享有一样的入学/就业权,38.70%的人愿意与感染艾滋病的同事继续共事,60.19%的人愿意与感染艾滋病的家人继续共同生活,最近3次性行为100%使用安全套者为26.48%,82.04%的人有医疗用血安全意识,64.81%的人有医疗器械安全意识。最想获取艾滋病预防措施、传播途径、病理知识、症状表现、治疗方法、检测途径及检测方法、疫情信息,新闻、电视公益广告、专题报道、反映艾滋病病人生活的电影或电视剧、科普材料、大型公益演出人们最喜欢。结论政府重视,多部门合作,组织机构健全,宣传教育广泛,干预措施到位,成效显著。     

运用直观教学法提高学生对知识的感知

课堂讲授是高校班级授课的基本形式,在课堂讲授中起主导作用,占重要地位[1]。近年来随着高等护理教育的发展,越来越多的临床护士担任起了本科护理系的临床教学任务。而临床护士非专业教师,在教学过程中需要掌握一些教学方法与技巧,才能提高课堂讲授质量。心理学研究表明,直观是     

Measurement of kinetic parameters in skeletal muscle by magnetic resonance imaging with an intravascular agent.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the use of an intravascular contrast agent to determine perfusion kinetics in skeletal muscle. A two-compartment kinetic model was used to represent the flux of contrast agent between the intravascular space and extravascular extracellular space (EES). The relationship between the image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and errors in estimating permeability surface area product (Ktrans), interstitial volume (ve), and plasma volume (vp) for linear and nonlinear curve-fitting methods was estimated from Monte Carlo simulations. Similar results were obtained for both methods. For an image SNR of 60, the estimated errors in these parameters were 10%, 22%, and 17%, respectively. In vivo experiments were conducted in rabbits to examine physiological differences between these parameters in the soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles in the hind limb. Values for Ktrans were significantly higher in the SOL (3.2+/-0.9 vs. 2.0+/-0.5x10(-3) min-1), as were values for vp (3.4+/-0.8 vs. 2.1+/-0.7%). Differences in ve for the two muscles (8.7+/-2.2 vs. 8.5+/-1.6%) were not found to be significant. These results demonstrate that relevant physiological metrics can be calculated in skeletal muscle using MRI with an intravascular contrast agent.     

无（外侧）额叶皮质是否更好？额叶病变患者解决洞察力问题

最近提出的关于额叶功能的理论认为前额叶皮质，尤其是其背外侧面在确定适合一项特殊任务的一系列反应中起重要作用，并在选择中使上述反应发生偏差。这些活动事实上是为任何类型的非常规任务而执行，而不考虑内容的差别。本研究旨在通过一项解决“洞察力”问题的测试任务（即火柴杆算术作业），来验证Frith“塑造反应空间”假说的预测效力。从Knoblich等人对健康人不能解决火柴杆问题的解释和Frith关于额叶背外侧皮质作用的理论，作者推导出与直觉相左的预测，即对这些相对复杂的任务，外侧额叶皮质局部损伤的患者可能比1组健康受试者完成得更好。要求35例经CT或MRI扫描证实为单个局部脑损伤的患者（年龄为26—65岁）和23例健康受试者（年龄为34—62岁）完成火柴杆作业。研究结果似乎与理论上的预测相一致，虽然仅有43％的健康受试者能解决最困难的火柴杆问题（“C类”），但是却有82％的额叶外侧损伤患者完成了类似问题（Fisher精确概率检验，P〈0．05）。总之，对Frith和Knoblich等人理论的结合进行了确证。     

旋覆代赭汤合左金丸治疗反流性食管炎62例

反流性食管炎是内科常见病,单一的西药治疗副作用大,易复发,疗程长,患者十分痛苦。我院自2000年以来,采用中西医结合治疗本病,取得了较好的疗效,现总结如下。1一般资料124例患者均为门诊和住院病人,其中男68例,女56例。年龄20~76岁,平均42·3岁。病程2个月~10年,平均0·8年。有