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51.

Aims

Delaying progression, ameliorating symptoms and maintaining quality of life (QoL) are primary aims of treatment for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Real-world rather than clinical trial data about symptoms and side-effects are sparse. In EXTREQOL, patients' QoL, pain and information needs were recorded during treatment.

Material and methods

Men with mCRPC from 20 UK cancer centres starting various systemic mCRPC treatments completed QoL, pain and information needs questionnaires at baseline, 3 and 6 months.

Results

In total, 132 patients were recruited. Overall QoL declined significantly by 6 months (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate [FACT-P] mean = –3.89, 95% confidence interval –6.7 to –1.05, P = 0.007; Trial Outcome Index [TOI] analysis mean = –3.10, 95% confidence interval –5.34 to –0.83, P = 0.007). Those who came off novel therapy and remained on luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist therapy alone had worse scores than patients receiving concomitant chemotherapy (Prostate Concerns Subscale mean difference = –4.45, 95% confidence interval –7.06 to –1.83, P = 0.001; TOI mean difference = –5.62, 95% confidence interval –10.97 to –0.26, P = 0.040). At 3 and 6 months, men who reported pain at baseline improved (43%, 40%), but for others pain levels remained the same (45%, 42%) or worsened (13%, 18%). Information regarding supportive care was lacking throughout the period of time on the study.

Conclusion

Most mCRPC treated patients experience reduced QoL and inadequate pain control. More help with pain management and better information provision regarding supportive care is warranted.  相似文献   
52.

Background

In 2011, Israel instituted financial incentives as part of a larger program to attract doctors to residency programs in peripheral hospitals.

Objective

To explore the impact of these incentives and related changes on the choices of locations for residency training in Israel.

Methods

We performed (A) an analysis of administrative data on the location of all new medical residencies in 2005–2014 (B) an internet/phone survey of residents who began specialty training in 2013–2014, with a response rate of 71%.

Results

(A) Of all entrants to residency training programs in Israel, those in peripheral hospitals constituted 16–20% in 2005–2010, 19% in 2011, 23% in 2012, and 23% in 2013; the increase consisted predominantly of physicians who were graduates of non-Israeli medical schools (B) About half of all residents in the periphery reported that the incentives contributed to their choice of residency location. About 40% of that group also reported that they had planned already in medical school to practice in the periphery, while 60% of that group (30% of all residents in the periphery) did not have such plans prior to medical school. About 70% of the residents in peripheral hospitals grew up in the periphery; for the southern periphery this was 40% and for the northern periphery this was 80%.

Conclusions

The changes instituted in 2011 apparently affected residency location preferences for a non-negligible proportion of young physicians, particularly among those who grew up in the periphery. Policymakers should consider combining targeted incentives with measures to increase the supply of physicians who grew up in the periphery.  相似文献   
53.

Introduction

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an uncommon cancer with a poor prognosis and heterogeneous survival. Surgery for MPM is offered in some specialist centers to highly selected patients. A previously described classification and regression tree (CART) model stratified survival in unselected MPM patients using routinely collected clinical data. This study aimed to examine the performance of this CART model on a highly selected surgical population.

Methods

Data were collected from subjects undergoing cytoreductive surgery for MPM from specialist centers in Hyõgo, Japan, and Sydney, Australia, between 1991 and 2016. The CART model was applied using the combination of clinical variables to stratify subjects into risk groups (1 through 4); survival characteristics were then compared.

Results

Two hundred eighty-nine cases were included (205 from Australia, 84 from Japan). Overall median survival was 34.6 (interquartile range: 17.5–56.1) months; median age was 63.0 (interquartile range: 57.0–67.8) years, and 83.0% (n = 240) were male. There were no clinically meaningful differences between the two cohorts. Survival across the four risk groups was significantly different (p < 0.0001); the model stratified survival well with a Harrell's concordance statistic of 0.62 (95% confidence interval: 0.57–0.66) at 36 months. The group with the longest survival (median, 82.5 months) had: no weight loss, hemoglobin > 153 g/L and serum albumin > 43 g/L at time of referral to the surgical center.

Conclusions

Using routinely available clinical variables, the CART model was able to stratify surgical patients into risk groups with statistically different survival characteristics with fair to good performance. Presence of weight loss, anemia, and low albumin should confer caution when considering surgical therapy for MPM.  相似文献   
54.
locStra is an ‐package for the analysis of regional and global population stratification in whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) studies, where regional stratification refers to the substructure defined by the loci in a particular region on the genome. Population substructure can be assessed based on the genetic covariance matrix, the genomic relationship matrix, and the unweighted/weighted genetic Jaccard similarity matrix. Using a sliding window approach, the regional similarity matrices are compared with the global ones, based on user‐defined window sizes and metrics, for example, the correlation between regional and global eigenvectors. An algorithm for the specification of the window size is provided. As the implementation fully exploits sparse matrix algebra and is written in C++, the analysis is highly efficient. Even on single cores, for realistic study sizes (several thousand subjects, several million rare variants per subject), the runtime for the genome‐wide computation of all regional similarity matrices does typically not exceed one hour, enabling an unprecedented investigation of regional stratification across the entire genome. The package is applied to three WGS studies, illustrating the varying patterns of regional substructure across the genome and its beneficial effects on association testing.  相似文献   
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