Second Generation Protease Inhibitors and Nucleotide Inhibitors

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease and polymerase inhibitors are in rapid phases of development. Following closely behind the approval of the inhibitors of the HCV RNA NS3/4A protease, boceprevir and telaprevir, include both a) more potent protease inhibitors and b) the development of the viral NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors. Protease inhibitors generally have a low barrier to resistance and extensive cross-resistance between agents. NS5B polymerase inhibitors are generally considered to have a high barrier to resistance and the potential for use across all genotypes. However, in the absence of ribavirin or of other direct-acting antivirals these agents may predispose to the selection of resistant variants or for viral relapse following treatment completion. Optimal combination of agents and therapy durations remain major challenges in clinical research.     

常见蠕虫感染Th17细胞及IL-17细胞因子作用研究新进展

蠕虫感染在我国广泛流行,现阶段感染率有上升的趋势。蠕虫感染通过各种抗原及分泌物刺激机体产生免疫反应。Th17细胞是新发现的CD4+T细胞的亚群,其主要分泌IL-17。IL-17具有广泛的生物学效应,介导多种炎症因子及激活免疫反应。在蠕虫感染中,Th17及IL-17对宿主清除寄生虫及介导免疫病理反应起到了重要作用。本文综述了Th17及IL-17的调节机制及在常见蠕虫感染中Th17及IL-17的作用机制。     

日本血吸虫可溶性虫卵抗原免疫小鼠CD11c~+CD8_α~-DC对过敏性哮喘的抑制作用

目的研究日本血吸虫可溶性虫卵抗原(SEA)免疫小鼠CD11c+CD8α-树突状细胞(DC)亚群对卵清白蛋白(OVA)诱发的过敏性哮喘的抑制作用。方法 BALB/c小鼠经腹腔及足垫注射SEA 50μg/只,每周1次,共4次。用抗体包被的免疫磁珠分离小鼠脾CD11c+CD8α+DC与CD11c+CD8α-DC亚群。另取18只BALB/c小鼠,随机分为4组,A组为健康对照组,B组为OVA致敏单纯哮喘组,C组为过继转移SEA免疫CD11c+CD8α+DC组,D组为过继转移SEA免疫CD11c+CD8α-DC组。C、D组小鼠分别经尾静脉过继转移5×105个CD11c+CD8α+DC和5×105个CD11c+CD8α-DC,1h后B、C、D组小鼠同时用OVA诱发哮喘,4周后剖杀,取肺组织,做病理切片,经苏木素-伊红(HE)染色后,光镜下观察肺部炎症变化。结果 A组小鼠肺组织无炎症反应;B组小鼠肺组织炎症反应广泛且严重,在支气管及肺泡周围有大量炎性细胞浸润;C组小鼠肺组织炎症反应仍较明显;D组小鼠肺组织炎症反应较B、C组显著减轻,仅有少量炎细胞浸润。4组小鼠按照Underwood标准进行病理评分,总分分别为0、14.00±1.00、12.33±0.58和7.20±1.30,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论日本血吸虫SEA免疫小鼠CD11c+CD8α-DC亚群对过敏性哮喘有抑制作用。     

微电极射频电化学疗法治疗内痔60例疗效观察

为观察微电极射频电化学疗法治疗内痔的疗效,将内痔患者120例随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组60例。治疗组采用微电极射频电化学疗法治疗,对照组采用铜离子电化学疗法治疗。结果显示,两组对痔出血疗效相近（P〉0．05）,但治疗组凝固点少,治疗时间短（P〈0．05）。两组对痔脱出近期有效率相近（P〉0．05）。但治疗组术后肛管黏膜溃疡发生率少于对照组（P〈0．05）。结果表明,微电极射频电化学疗法使内痔的手术治疗由微创向无创的方向迈进了一步,其更具有实用性。     

经尿道双极等离子前列腺电切术联合内分泌治疗晚期前列腺癌并膀胱出口梗阻

目的：探讨经尿道双极等离子前列腺电切术（TuPKVP）联合内分泌治疗在晚期前列腺癌并膀胱出口梗阻（BOO）治疗中的应用。方法：对38例诊断为晚期前列腺癌合并BOO的患者行TUPKVP术及内分泌治疗。结果：本组38例患者手术均获得成功,术后并发症少,术后3个月IPSS评分、QOL评分、剩余尿量、最大尿流率及PSA较术前均有明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：TUPKVP联合内分泌治疗可有效缓解晚期前列腺癌所致的膀胱出口梗阻,提高患者生存质量。     

Lenalidomide before and after autologous stem cell transplantation for transplant-eligible patients of all ages in the randomized,phase III,Myeloma XI trial

The optimal way to use immunomodulatory drugs as components of induction and maintenance therapy for multiple myeloma is unresolved. We addressed this question in a large phase III randomized trial, Myeloma XI. Patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (n=2,042) were randomized to induction therapy with cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (CTD) or cyclophosphamide, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (CRD). Additional intensification therapy with cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (CVD) was administered before autologous stem-cell transplantation to patients with a suboptimal response to induction therapy using a response-adapted approach. After receiving high-dose melphalan with autologous stem cell transplantation, eligible patients were further randomized to receive either lenalidomide alone or observation alone. Co-primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The CRD regimen was associated with significantly longer PFS (median: 36 vs. 33 months; hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75-0.96; P=0.0116) and OS (3-year OS: 82.9% vs. 77.0%; HR, 0.77; 95% CI: 0.63-0.93; P=0.0072) compared with CTD. The PFS and OS results favored CRD over CTD across all subgroups, including patients with International Staging System stage III disease (HR for PFS, 0.73; 95% CI: 0.58-0.93; HR for OS, 0.78; 95% CI: 0.56-1.09), high-risk cytogenetics (HR for PFS, 0.60; 95% CI: 0.43-0.84; HR for OS, 0.70; 95% CI: 0.42-1.15) and ultra-high-risk cytogenetics (HR for PFS, 0.67; 95% CI: 0.41-1.11; HR for OS, 0.65; 95% CI: 0.34-1.25). Among patients randomized to lenalidomide maintenance (n=451) or observation (n=377), maintenance therapy improved PFS (median: 50 vs. 28 months; HR, 0.47; 95% CI: 0.37-0.60; P<0.0001). Optimal results for PFS and OS were achieved in the patients who received CRD induction and lenalidomide maintenance. The trial was registered with the EU Clinical Trials Register (EudraCT 2009-010956-93) and ISRCTN49407852.