Caspase家族与固有免疫关系研究进展

Caspases是一组存在于胞质溶胶中的结构上相关的半胱氨酸蛋白酶,它们的一个重要共同点是活性位点都含有半胱氨酸,并可特异性地断开天冬氨酸残基后的肽键。根据其功能特点,该家族主要分为炎性Caspases和凋亡Caspases。炎性Caspases包括Caspase-1、Caspase-4/5/11和Caspase-12,在固有免疫防御过程中发挥重要作用。凋亡相关的Caspase-2/3/6/7/8/9/10主要调控免疫沉默的细胞凋亡过程,但近年来研究发现,Caspase-8也可通过多种途径介导细胞和机体的免疫反应。越来越多研究表明,Caspases在多种免疫相关疾病的发生发展进程中充当重要角色,因此本文主要对Caspases家族中与固有免疫相关的Caspase-1/4/5/11/8/12的活性调控及免疫介导机制进行综述,以期阐释Caspases与固有免疫的关系,同时为多种疾病的治疗提供一定的科学依据和理论参考。     

冠心病从体质干预与通调阴维脉论治

冠心病西医药物治疗虽可控制发作，但有时不能延缓病情发展，非药物治疗过程中围手术期多风险，易病情反复。中医辨证治疗存在证型不统一且证候消失后难根治的问题。倪诚教授秉承王琦国医大师"体病相关""体质可调"理论，认为血瘀体质、痰湿体质、气虚体质是冠心病的发病基础，瘀阻阴维是冠心病的病机要点，祛瘀化痰、补气通维是冠心病的主要治法，临床上自创通维止痛汤，取得良好疗效。     

2型糖尿病骨质疏松患者血清脂肪细胞因子Apelin-13与骨密度的相关性

目的探讨2型糖尿病骨质疏松患者血清中脂肪细胞因子Apelin-13与骨密度的相关性。方法选取2016年8月至2017年8月西安医学院第二附属医院收治的2型糖尿病患者150例,根据世界卫生组织骨质疏松诊断标准分为骨量正常组、骨量减少组、骨质疏松组,每组各50例。糖化血红蛋白分析仪检测指尖血中糖化血红蛋白(Hb Alc)水平,酶联免疫吸附法检测血清中Apelin-13水平,放射免疫分析法检测血清中25-羟维生素D3[25(OH) D3]、1型原胶原N-端前肽(PINP)、1型胶原羧基端交联肽原(ICTP)水平。比较各组一般资料、Hb Alc、Apelin-13、PINP、ICTP、25(OH) D3水平及骨密度。对Apelin-13与PINP、ICTP、25(OH) D3水平及各检测位点骨密度进行相关性分析。结果骨质疏松组Apelin-13、25 (OH) D3水平最低,分别为(820. 44±73. 62) pg/m L、(7. 54±0. 95) nmol/L,骨量减少组次之,骨量正常组最高;骨质疏松组PINP、ICTP水平最高,分别为(1 332. 74±126. 45) pg/m L、(496. 32±55. 42)μg/L,骨量减少组次之,骨量正常组最低;组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。相关性分析结果显示,血清Apelin-13水平与血清PINP、ICTP水平呈负相关(r=-0. 7234,-0. 8514,P <0. 05);与血清25(OH) D3水平呈正相关(r=0. 9533,P <0. 05);与各检测位点骨密度均呈正相关(P <0. 05)。结论 2型糖尿病骨质疏松患者血清Apelin-13、25(OH) D3水平较低,PINP、ICTP水平较高。Apelin-13可能参与了糖尿病患者的骨吸收和骨形成过程。     

寰椎提拉螺钉术中复位治疗寰枢椎脱位

目的总结应用寰椎椎弓根提拉螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉行后路提拉复位固定植骨融合术治疗寰枢椎脱位的疗效。方法 2010年1月—2014年12月本院共收治27例寰枢椎脱位患者,均有不同程度的枕颈部疼痛和活动受限,并伴有神经功能障碍,美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)分级:B级2例,C级17例,D级8例;日本骨科学会(JOA)评分4~14分,平均8.3分。MRI示20例患者有不同程度的脊髓受压,其中8例脊髓受压节段髓内出现T2加权像高信号改变。患者均为寰椎前脱位,术前均进行颅骨牵引,17例部分复位,10例不可复位。术前寰齿间距(ADI)4~15 mm,平均10.3 mm;颈髓延髓角(CMA)113.1°~135.7°,平均120.9°。均采用寰椎椎弓根提拉螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉行后路提拉复位固定植骨融合术,观察患者术后临床症状和神经功能改善情况及寰枢椎复位和植骨融合情况。结果所有患者均顺利完成手术,术中均未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤。患者随访6~36个月,平均20个月。术后CT及MRI示寰枢椎序列重建满意,齿突区域脑脊液线清晰,脊髓无压迫。术后6个月随访时患者神经功能明显改善,2例B级患者提高至C级;17例C级患者中2例提高至E级,15例提高至D级;8例D级患者均提高至E级。JOA评分10~17分,平均14.6分,平均改善率78.4%。术后ADI 2~4 mm,平均2.6 mm;CMA139.2°~152.4°,平均144.6°。术后6个月随访时所有患者获得骨性融合;随访期间未发现螺钉松动、移位和断裂及寰枢椎再移位、失稳现象。结论寰枢椎脱位会造成寰枢椎不稳及脊髓受压,应用寰椎椎弓根提拉螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉后路提拉复位技术治疗可获得良好的临床效果。     

移位的肩胛盂骨折的手术治疗

目的　研究切开复位内固定治疗肩胛盂骨折的效果。方法　将 13例肩胛盂骨折患者按改良的Ideberg分型分类 ,Ⅰ型 2例 ,Ⅱ型 1例 ,Ⅲ型 1例 ,Ⅳ型 9例。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型用标准的三角肌胸大肌入路 ,骨折复位后用 2 7mm拉力螺钉固定。Ⅲ、Ⅳ型用后侧Judet入路 ,骨折复位后用AO重建钢板和螺钉固定。结果　术后随访 6～ 2 4个月 ,平均 14个月。以最后 1次检查结果为准 ,对肩关节的功能进行临床效果评定 :优 7例 ,前屈、外展、上举及内外旋转均较健侧差 10°～ 15°。良 4例 ,外展上举及内外旋转均较健侧差16°～ 3 0° ,前屈后伸正常。可 2例 ,肩关节各方活动、旋转均较健侧差 3 1°～ 60°。结论　开放复位内固定是治疗有移位的肩胛盂骨折的一种较好的方法。     

胰腺损伤的诊治策略探讨

目的探讨胰腺损伤的诊断及治疗对策。方法回顾性分析45例胰腺损伤病例资料。结果17例闭合性胰腺损伤和6例开放性胰腺损伤属于腹部多脏器伤,表现腹腔出血、腹膜炎。5例腹部单纯性胰腺钝伤呈现肠梗阻3例、腹部肿决1例、胰腺炎1例。17例医源性胰腺损伤出现胰腺出血、胰瘘。胰腺损伤术前早期诊断困难,术中依据胰腺损伤的严重程度,采取不同的处理方法。治愈43例,死亡2例。结论手术探查可确诊开放性胰腺损伤和有腹部症状、CT可疑的闭合性胰腺损伤。医源性胰腺损伤重在预防。根据病人全身情况和胰腺损伤分级决定合适的术式是降低死亡率、减少并发症的关键。     

Nerve decompression for complex regional pain syndrome type II following upper extremity surgery

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of nerve decompression for the symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome that developed after upper-extremity surgery. METHODS: Eight patients (5 men, 3 women) developed worsening severe pain, swelling, and loss of range of motion after an upper-extremity surgery. The diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome was made at an average of 6 weeks (range, 1-10 weeks) after the surgical procedure. A clinical diagnosis of either median or combined median and ulnar nerve compression at the wrist was confirmed in all patients with electrophysiologic testing. Nerve decompression was performed at a mean of 13 weeks after the procedure. Subjective (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire; visual analog pain scale) and objective (forearm, wrist, and finger range of motion; grip strength) data from before and after nerve decompression were reviewed. RESULTS: The average score on the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire decreased from 71 to 30 (p < .05). The mean visual analog pain score decreased from 7.5 to 1.8. (p < .05) There was immediate and near-complete resolution of all somatic complaints including hypersensitivity to touch, hyperhydrosis, swelling, and cold sensitivity. Range of motion and grip strength improved. CONCLUSIONS: Traditionally surgical treatment has been avoided in patients with complex regional pain syndrome; however, in the setting of clinical and electrophysiologic evidence of nerve compression surgical intervention may hasten recovery in these patients.     

Screening of the entire ryanodine receptor type 1 coding region for sequence variants associated with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility in the north american population

BACKGROUND: Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a life-threatening and frequently fatal disorder triggered by commonly used anesthetics. MH susceptibility is a genetically determined predisposition to the development of MH. Mutations in the ryanodine receptor type 1 (RYR1) gene are the major cause of MH susceptibility. The authors sought to develop a reliable genetic screening strategy based on efficient and relatively inexpensive mutation-detection procedures. METHODS: A cohort (n = 30) of North American MH patients and MH-susceptible individuals was studied. RNA and DNA extracted from muscle tissue or blood lymphocytes were used for analysis. The entire RYR1 coding region was amplified in 57 overlapping fragments and subjected to denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography analysis followed by direct nucleotide sequencing to characterize RYR1 alterations. RESULTS: Nine previously reported and nine unknown RYR1 mutations were identified in 21 of 30 studied patients (70%). Some of the new mutations were located outside of known mutational "hot spots," suggesting that RYR1 contains previously unknown mutation-prone areas requiring analysis. The North American MH/MH-susceptible population is characterized by a high RYR1 allelic heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of RNA samples extracted from the biopsied skeletal muscle followed by DNA sequencing is a highly efficient methodology for RYR1 mutation detection. This approach allows increasing the rate of mutation detection to 70% and identifying mutations in the entire RYR1 coding region.     

不育研究的进展

自1978年在英国诞生第一例试管婴儿以来,不孕不育的治疗迈入了一个崭新的阶段。20多年来生殖医学迅速发展,使许多以往无法解决的不孕不育问题有了新的治疗方法和希望,同时产生了一连串医学与伦理学问题。生殖医学与人工辅助生殖技术(ART)的发展是基于对生殖内分泌与生殖周期的调控的了解,要治疗不孕不育问题,生殖周期及其调节是最重要的基础。本文简述了不育的研究进展。     

Isola内固定系统治疗特发性脊柱侧凸椎板下钢丝的安全性

目的评价椎板下钢丝技术在特发性脊柱侧凸手术中的安全性。方法本组14例患者,平均年龄为14．5岁(9-21)岁。患者术前诊断均为青少年特发性脊柱侧凸,且均为首次手术。本文对所有患者的侧凸类型、严重程度、固定椎体的数量、钢丝固定的椎体水平、术后神经学并发症以及术中脊髓监测的变化进行了详细评估。所有患者的椎板下钢丝均在矫正操作之前进行。结果总计放置了76根钢丝,75％(n=57)位于胸椎,20％(n=15)位于胸腰段,5％(n=4)位于腰椎。术中脊髓监测未发现明显的改变。所有患者均成功进行了唤醒试验。在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者中未发现有神经学并发症。结论尽管脊柱内固定系统越来越复杂,椎板下穿钢丝的技术在无神经症状的特发性脊柱侧凸患者的手术治疗中还是安全有效的辅助技术。