Human papillomavirus types in anogenital warts of children

Tissue from anogenital warts of 25 children, 10 of whom were suspected of being victims of sexual abuse, was investigated by dot blot and Southern blot techniques for human papillomavirus (HPV) types. HPV DNA was detected in 22 children, two of whom had double infections. The genital HPV types 6 and/or 11 were detected in 20 children, and in three children other HPV types were found. One had HPV 18 (as well as 11); in a second child a possible skin type, HPV 2, was detected; and the third child was infected with an unidentified type. In three cases genital wart material was available from one of the parents, and in all three the HPV type was the same as that of the child. For nine other children one or both parents were reported to have genital warts. The source of infection appeared to be the adult genital tract, but sexual contact might not be the only means of transmission.     

Primate cytomegalovirus assembly: evidence that DNA packaging occurs subsequent to B capsid assembly

Results presented here show that when cytomegalovirus (strain Colburn)-infected cells are treated with the DNA synthesis inhibitor hydroxyurea or phosphonoformate, one type of intranuclear capsid accumulates. These particles appeared to contain symmetrically organized internal material, and had a protein composition and sedimentation rate characteristic of B capsids. Radiolabeling experiments provided evidence that a population of B capsids lacking DNA is present during the course of a normal infection. These capsids sedimented slightly slower than the peak of viral DNA in the same region of the gradient, and had a ratio of DNA/protein that was estimated to be sevenfold lower than that of the faster sedimenting C capsids. DNA in both the B and C capsid regions of such gradients was found to be relatively resistant to digestion with DNase. The possibility is considered that herpesvirus B capsids lacking DNA may be counterparts of unexpanded proheads in the bacteriophage assembly pathway.     

Setting characteristics and mechanical behaviour of a calcium phosphate bone cement containing tetracycline

Calcium phosphate cements are used for bone defect filling and they may also be used as delivery systems for active agents. The physicochemical behaviour of an ionic cement, with a final composition of hydroxyapatite, containing tetracycline hydrochloride was investigated. Chemical characterisation, X-ray diffraction analysis, compressive strength and tensile strength were performed. It is known that the antibiotic can be adsorbed on calcium phosphate compounds and the presence of chloride ions can strongly influence the behaviour of the cement. Adding more than 1% (w/w) of 95% pure tetracycline hydrochloride in the solid phase led to a cement with poor mechanical properties, but which, in addition to hydroxyapatite, contained residual starting reagents. For this reason, experiments were also performed with tetracycline previously treated with a calcium sulphate solution. Using a treated tetracycline, it was possible to introduce at least 7% (w/w) of active ingredient whilst still allowing the reaction to proceed to completion i.e. the formation of hydroxyapatite with good mechanical properties. Therefore, treating the tetracycline HCI with calcium sulphate solution prior to reaction conserved the activity of the antibiotic, limited the influence of the antibiotic on the cement evolution and retained the physical properties of the cement.     

Chronic toxicity studies with vigabatrin, a GABA-transaminase inhibitor

The GABA-transaminase inhibitor, vigabatrin, has been shown to have a rather low degree of acute toxicity in several animal species. Oral administration of the drug at 1,000 mg/kg/day for 2-4 weeks caused decreased food consumption and weight loss with resultant prostration and death in both rats and dogs. Dosages of 200 mg/kg/day were tolerated for a year without clinical signs in dogs, although rats suffered reduced weight gains and convulsions after 3-4 months when given the drug in the diet. The convulsions continued to occur frequently throughout the one-yr study, but abated 3-4 months after cessation of treatment. The only consistent histopathologic evidence of toxicity in rats and dogs has been the finding of intramyelinic edema (microvacuolation) in the brain, most notably in certain areas of white matter (cerebellum, reticular formation and optic tract in rats and columns of fornix and optic tract in dogs). No lesions were found in the spinal cord or peripheral nervous system. It took several weeks for the microvacuolation to develop, even at high dosages, but it did not continue to progress thereafter, even though a slight effect was noted at dosages as low as 30-50 mg/kg/day after one yr of treatment. The intramyelinic edemia disappeared within a few weeks after treatment was withdrawn. No residual effects were observed in dogs, whereas rats exhibited swollen axons and microscopic mineralized bodies in the cerebellum. Monkeys exhibited no adverse clinical effects except for occasional loose stools at 300 mg/kg/day. After 16 months of oral treatment at 300 mg/kg/day any suggestion of intramyelinic edema was considered to be equivocal, and there was no evidence of any effect in the 50 or 100 mg/kg/day monkeys after 6 yr of treatment. Higher doses caused chronic diarrhea, thus limiting the dosage in this species. Vigabatrin was shown to be well absorbed in rat, dog and man, whereas dose-limited absorption occurred in the monkey. Metabolism is practically nil in all 4 species and the primary elimination pathway is by glomerular filtration. Because vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of GABA-transaminase and the enzyme has a slow turnover rate, plasma levels of the drug are not indicative of its pharmacologic activity. For this reason cerebrospinal fluid levels of GABA and vigabatrin were evaluated, with considerable species differences being noted. The significance of these differences in relation to the differences in toxic response is discussed.     

Glomerular Hypertrophy in Offspring of Subtotally Nephrectomized Ewes

We have shown that fetuses whose mothers underwent subtotal nephrectomy (STNx) before pregnancy had high urine flow rates and sodium excretions, but lower hematocrits, plasma chloride, and plasma renin levels compared with controls. To see if these functional differences in utero persist after birth and are the result of altered renal development, we studied 8 lambs born to STNx mothers (STNxL) and 10 controls (ConL) in the second week of life. These lambs were of similar body weights, nose–rump lengths and abdominal girths. Their kidney weights were not different (ConL 36.1 ± 1.9 vs. STNxL 39.8 ± 3.3 g), nor were kidney dimensions or glomerular number (ConL 423,520 ± 22,194 vs. STNxL 429,530 ± 27,471 glomeruli). However, STNxL had 30% larger glomerular volumes (both mean and total, P < 0.01) and there was a positive relationship between total glomerular volume and urinary protein excretion (P < 0.05) in STNxL. Despite this change in glomerular morphology, glomerular filtration rate, tubular function, urine flow, and sodium excretion rates were not different between STNxL and ConL, nor were plasma electrolytes, osmolality, and plasma renin levels. Thus while many of the functional differences seen in late gestation were not present at 1–2 weeks after birth, the alteration in glomerular size and its relationship to protein excretion suggests that exposure to this altered intrauterine environment may predispose offspring of mothers with renal dysfunction to renal disease in adult life. Anat Rec, 291:318–324, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Immediate-early proteins of human cytomegalovirus strains AD 169, Davis, and Towne differ in electrophoretic mobility

Electrophoretic comparisons of the immediate-early (IE) proteins of three strains of cytomegalovirus (CMV) isolated from adenoidal tissue (Ad169), liver (Davis), and urine (Towne) of humans, have shown that they are distinguishable. Experiments based on “pulse-chase” radiolabeling, biosynthetic phosphorylation, and in vitro protein synthesis indicate that these differences are not the consequence of slow post-translational modification. Results of a comparison of high- and low-passage stocks of Towne virus suggest that these mobility differences reflect natural variation, rather than alterations resulting from propagation in tissue culture.     

Novel neuritic clusters with accumulations of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 immunoreactivity in brain regions damaged by thiamine deficiency.

Experimental thiamine deficiency (TD) is a classical model of a nutritional deficit associated with a generalized impairment of oxidative metabolism and selective cell loss in the brain. In rats, TD-induced cell degeneration is accompanied by an accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP)/amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) immunoreactivity in abnormal neurites and perikarya along the periphery of, or scattered within, the lesion. Prompted by these data and our previous findings of a genetic variation in the development of TD symptoms, we extended our studies to mice. C57BL/6, ApoE knockout, and APP YAC transgenic mice received thiamine-deficient diet and pyrithiamine injections. Unlike rats, APP/APLP2-immunoreactive neurites in all strains of mice were sparsely scattered within damaged areas and did not delimit the thalamic lesion. In addition, abnormal clusters of intensely immunoreactive neurites occurred only in areas of damage including the thalamus, mammillary body, and inferior colliculus. The clusters appeared as either irregular clumps or round or oval rosettes that strikingly resembled the neuritic component of Alzheimer amyloid plaques. However, immunostaining using various antisera to synthetic amyloid beta-protein (A beta 1-40) and thioflavine S histochemistry failed to show evidence of a component of A beta Neither APP/APLP2-immunoreactive clusters nor amyloid plaques were observed in the brain from patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, the clinical manifestation of TD in man. Our results demonstrate species (i.e., genetic) differences in the response to TD-induced damage and support a role for APP and APLP2 in the response to brain injury. This is the first report that chronic oxidative deficits can lead to this novel pathology.     

Relationship between dose of methotrexate, apoptosis, p53/p21 expression and intestinal crypt proliferation in the rat

Abstract Previous studies have shown that apoptosis is induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy and precedes hypoproliferation of intestinal crypt cells. However, the relationship between the degree of intestinal apoptosis and crypt cell hypoproliferation may not be directly related. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between apoptosis and hypoproliferation with increasing doses of chemotherapy. Eleven groups of breast cancer-bearing DA rats were treated with two doses of methotrexate (MTX) i. m. at varying concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) or saline (control). Animals were killed at 6 or 24 h following treatment. The small and large intestines were examined for apoptosis, villous area (small intestine), crypt length and mitotic count per crypt. Immunohistochemical expression of p53 and p21^waf1/cip1 (p21) were examined quantitatively. Data were analysed using Peritz F-test. Low dose MTX (0.5 mg/kg) did not change p53 expression at 6 h but induced a 15-fold increase in apoptosis in the crypts of the small intestine. This was associated with only a minor reduction in crypt cell proliferation. Higher doses of MTX increased p53 expression and caused a lower (7-fold) but more prolonged peak of apoptosis that was accompanied by reduced villous area, shortened crypts and a more profound reduction in crypt cell proliferation. Unlike the small intestine, apoptosis in the colon was 10-fold lower, proportional to the dose of MTX and did not induce overt damage. Expression of p21 did not change with any dose at either timepoint. We conclude that apoptosis is not always associated with crypt cell hypoproliferation and that the small intestine can recover after low dose MTX despite a heightened peak of apoptosis of crypt cells.     

The glomerulo-tubular junction: a target in renal diseases

Both global and segmental glomerulopathies may damage specific areas of the renal glomerulus. Diseases associated with glomerular hyperperfusion cause lesions at the vascular pole, while diseases associated with proteinuria often damage the tubular pole. Atubular glomeruli are now known to be plentiful in a variety of common renal diseases. These glomeruli are disconnected from their tubule at the tubular pole and therefore cannot participate in the production of urine. It is widely believed that the disconnection is a result of external compression by periglomerular fibrosis. However, the variable anatomy and cell populations within both the glomerulus and the beginning of the proximal tubule at the glomerulo-tubular junction may also have important roles to play in the response to damage at this sensitive site of the nephron.     

Expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin by and contraction of cells derived from synovium

Cells derived from synovium have drawn interest as donor cells for articular cartilage tissue engineering because they have been implicated in certain cartilage repair processes in vivo and the chondrogenic potential of the cells has been demonstrated in vitro. Studies have demonstrated that several other types of musculoskeletal connective tissue cells--including chondrocytes, fibrochondrocytes, ligament fibroblasts and osteoblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells can express the gene for the contractile actin isoform, alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), and can contract analogs of extracellular matrix in vitro. Although the physiological roles of SMA-enabled contraction of these cells have yet to be established, cell-mediated contraction of scaffolds employed for tissue engineering can alter the pore diameter of the matrix and distort its overall shape, and thus needs to be addressed. Toward this goal, the objective of this study was to investigate the expression of SMA by synovial cells and to evaluate their contraction of collagen-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) scaffolds. Synovial membranes obtained from the knees (stifle joints) of six adult dogs were evaluated for the presence of SMA by immunohistochemistry. Cells isolated from the synovial tissue were expanded through seven passages in monolayer culture, with samples from each passage allocated for Western blot analysis of SMA. Cells from passage 4 were seeded into porous type I collagen-GAG matrices and cultured for 4 weeks. Synovial cell-mediated contraction of the scaffolds was determined by measuring the diameters of the cell-seeded scaffolds and nonseeded controls every other day. Synovium-derived cells cultured as micropellets or in collagen-GAG matrices were incubated in chondrogenic medium with and without fetal bovine serum and evaluated for chondrogenesis by type II collagen immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of SMA in some cells (less than 10% of the cells) in the intimal layer of synovium from four of the five animals analyzed. Western blot analysis demonstrated a regular increase in the amount of SMA in the synovium-derived cells with passage number. Synovial cell-mediated contraction of the collagen-GAG scaffolds reached a value of 43% of the original diameter after 4 weeks, comparable to that found with other musculoskeletal cell types. Incubation of micropellet cultures of synovium-derived cells with chondrogenic medium revealed trace amounts of type II collagen production by immunohistochemistry. The findings of this study indicate that control of SMA-enabled contraction may be important when employing synovial cells for cartilage repair procedures, and warrant further investigation into the physiological role of SMA expression in synovial cells.