全髋关节置换中髋臼假体位置对磨损的影响

髋臼杯倾斜角对全髋关节置换非常重要.研究显示,髋臼杯的倾斜角应≤45°,否则会加剧磨损[1-5]. 髋臼杯植入的标准是杯体稳定固定,具有合适的倾斜角和前倾角,以避免碰撞,为髋关节提供良好的稳定性[6-9]及减少磨损.有报道认为,髋臼杯的中心与髋关节的旋转中心一致是骨水泥髋臼杯植入的重要标准,因为这与磨损相关[10,11].实际上,Karachalios等[11]发现,旋转中心在水平方向的改变>7.5 mm是导致磨损增加的一个重要变量.而对于非骨水泥髋臼杯,目前尚没有相似的报道.     

The Risk of Developing Arm Lymphedema Among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Meta-Analysis of Treatment Factors

Background  As more women survive breast cancer, long-term complications that affect quality of life, such as lymphedema of the arm, gain greater importance. Numerous studies have attempted to identify treatment and prognostic factors for arm lymphedema, yet the magnitude of these associations remains inconsistent. Methods  A PubMed search was conducted through January 2008 to locate articles on lymphedema and treatment factors after breast cancer diagnosis. Random-effect models were used to estimate the pooled risk ratio. Results  The authors identified 98 independent studies that reported at least one risk factor of interest. The risk ratio (RR) of arm lymphedema was increased after mastectomy when compared with lumpectomy [RR = 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–1.76], axillary dissection compared with no axillary dissection (RR = 3.47; 95% CI 2.34–5.15), axillary dissection compared with sentinel node biopsy (RR = 3.07; 95% CI 2.20–4.29), radiation therapy (RR = 1.92; 95% CI 1.61–2.28), and positive axillary nodes (RR = 1.54; 95% CI 1.32–1.80). These associations held when studies using self-reported lymphedema were excluded. Conclusions  Mastectomy, extent of axillary dissection, radiation therapy, and presence of positive nodes increased risk of developing arm lymphedema after breast cancer. These factors likely reflected lymph node removal, which most surgeons consider to be the largest risk factor for lymphedema. Future studies should consider examining sentinel node biopsy versus no dissection with a long follow-up time post surgery to see if there is a benefit of decreased lymphedema compared with no dissection.     

Associations of Energy Intake and Type 2 Diabetes with Hypertryglyceridemia in Older Adults Living in the Mediterranean Islands: The Medis Study

The intent of this research was to explore the influence of physical activity on the appetite of older adults in long-term care. Given the impact of the anorexia of aging and the increasing numbers of older adults, this could have significant health implications. Residents (N = 93) of a long-term care, assisted living, and rehabilitation facility were surveyed using the “Appetite & Activity Questionnaire.” There was no relationship found between physical activity and appetite regardless of the participants' sex or age. BMI appeared to correlate well with the amount of activity that was performed. The most salient finding was the near absence of physical activity, even in the presence of facilities, support personnel, and available time.     

Aberrant CBFA2T3B gene promoter methylation in breast tumors

Background  

The CBFA2T3 locus located on the human chromosome region 16q24.3 is frequently deleted in breast tumors. CBFA2T3 gene expression levels are aberrant in breast tumor cell lines and the CBFA2T3B isoform is a potential tumor suppressor gene. In the absence of identified mutations to further support a role for this gene in tumorigenesis, we explored whether the CBFA2T3B promoter region is aberrantly methylated and whether this correlates with expression.     

Calcium requirements for the athlete

There is oftentimes a notion of "the more, the better" with regard to vitamin and mineral intake among individuals, and especially among athletes. Although adequate calcium intake is necessary to promote bone health and prevent osteoporosis, increased physical activity alone does not necessarily demand an increased intake of dietary calcium or other micronutrients. Athletes may lose calcium via sweat, in which case replenishment is advocated either via dietary intake of calcium-rich foods or a commercial calcium supplement. The important message to athletes is to consume a diet adequate in energy, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and fluids to support the physical demands and replenish the physiologic losses incurred with physical training.     

Chronic smoke exposure alters the phenotype pattern and the metabolic response in human alveolar macrophages

Smoking induces a chronic inflammatory process in the lower respiratory tract, where the alveolar macrophages (AM) are the main phagocytes. In the present study, the expressions of different membrane glycoproteins (CD11abc, CD71, CD54, CD14 and CD16) were determined by flow cytometry in AM from smokers and non-smokers after quenching of the intracellular autofluorescence. The metabolic activity of the AM was quantified as a functional test. The expressions of CD11a, CD54 and CD71 were higher in non-smokers' AM than in smokers'. The expressions of CD11b and CD16 were similar between the groups, while the CD11c was higher in smokers' AM compared with non-smokers’. The expression of CD14 was weak in both groups, therefore there was no clear-cut difference between the background and positively labelled cell populations. The metabolic response after in vitro stimulation with the phorbol ester phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was higher in non-smokers' than in smokers' AM. Our results indicate that chronic exposure to tobacco smoke influences both the expression of AM membrane antigens and the metabolic activity. AM from non-smokers express a phenotype more related to cell proliferation and an accessory function. In contrast, receptors reflecting adhesion and phagocytosis were unaltered or even increased in smokers' AM. The findings suggest a functional change in the AM population after chronic smoke exposure.     

Hyperactivation may assist human spermatozoa to detach from intimate association with the endosalpinx

The behaviour of human spermatozoa was observed during incubationwith epithelial cells isolated from the isthmic and ampullarysections of human uterine (Fallopian) tubes.During incubation,spermatozoa were observed to bind to the epithelial cells ofthe tube (the endosalpinx), and individual spermatozoa attachedand detached at intervals.The kinematic characteristics of spermatozoaduring these behaviour patterns were determined. The resultsshowed that detached spermatozoa typically had an increasedcurvilinear velocity and amplitude of lateral head displacement,accompaniedby a decrease in their linearity. Significantly (P<0.01)more of the detaching spermatozoa were hyperactivated than werespermatozoa prior to attachment for both isthmic (35.3 ±5.5 versus 4.0 ± 3.3%mean ± SEM) and ampullary(26.0 ± 7.0 versus 2.0 ±1.4%) regions. Incubationwith epithelial cells from either region produced no differencesin any category of sperm behaviour. Furthermore, there was nosignificant difference between regions in the amount of timespermatozoa spent bound (33.6 ± 12.9 and 20.6 ±3.0 s for isthmic and ampullary tissue respectively). Theseresults support the hypothesis that hyperactivation may assistspermatozoa in breaking connections with epithelial cells.