Relation between active mediation,exposure to Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood,and US preschoolers’ social and emotional development

This study explored the relationship between active mediation, exposure to Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood, and key indicators of preschoolers’ social and emotional development. One hundred and twenty-seven children aged 2–6 either watched or did not watch 10 episodes of Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood over a two-week period. Results revealed that preschoolers who watched the program exhibited higher levels of empathy, self-efficacy, and emotion recognition when their regular TV-watching experiences are frequently accompanied by active mediation. This was especially true for younger preschoolers and preschoolers from low-income families. Implications for policy-makers, parents, producers of prosocial programming, and educators are discussed.     

Pioglitazone has a dubious bladder cancer risk but an undoubted cardiovascular benefit

On 8 April 2014, a US jury ordered Takeda and Eli Lilly to pay $9 bn in punitive damages after finding that they had concealed the cancer risks associated with pioglitazone. By contrast, on 28 August 2014, the long‐awaited outcome of the 10‐year Kaiser Permanente Northern California study was announced. That study was specifically designed to investigate whether patients exposed to pioglitazone were at an increased risk of bladder cancer and found no association; thus, at last, the controversial issue has been resolved. A review, in retrospect, of the story of the proposed link between pioglitazone and bladder cancer reveals flaws at every stage. In 2012, a BMJ editorial, in keeping with some other contemporary reports, stated ‘it can confidently be assumed that pioglitazone increases the risk of bladder cancer’. Examination of the information which led to such a statement shows that: 1) the pre‐clinical findings of bladder cancer in male rats is not indicative of human risk; 2) there is no association between bladder cancer and pioglitazone in randomized controlled trials, once cases that could not plausibly be related to treatment are removed; and 3) the observational studies that have suggested a link have over‐extrapolated from the data: pioglitazone‐treated patients had more risk factors for bladder cancer than those not treated with pioglitazone. Meanwhile careful study of randomized controlled trials shows evidence of cardiovascular benefit from pioglitazone in Type 2 diabetes, a condition which results, more than anything, in premature cardiovascular death and morbidity.     

Completeness and timeliness of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis,measles-mumps-rubella,and polio vaccines in young children with chronic health conditions: A systematic review

Objective

To systematically review literature on uptake and timeliness of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, measles-mumps-rubella, and/or polio-containing vaccines in infants who were born preterm, with a low birth weight, and/or with chronic health conditions that were diagnosed within the first 6?months of life.

Improving Prenatal Diagnosis of Coarctation of the Aorta

Background

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the association between fetal echocardiographic measurements and the need for intervention (primary coarctation repair, staged coarctation repair, or catheter intervention) in prenatally diagnosed coarctation of the aorta.

Traumatic Cerebral Microbleeds in the Subacute Phase Are Practical and Early Predictors of Abnormality of the Normal-Appearing White Matter in the Chronic Phase

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:In the chronic phase after traumatic brain injury, DTI findings reflect WM integrity. DTI interpretation in the subacute phase is less straightforward. Microbleed evaluation with SWI is straightforward in both phases. We evaluated whether the microbleed concentration in the subacute phase is associated with the integrity of normal-appearing WM in the chronic phase.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Sixty of 211 consecutive patients 18 years of age or older admitted to our emergency department ≤24 hours after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury matched the selection criteria. Standardized 3T SWI, DTI, and T1WI were obtained 3 and 26 weeks after traumatic brain injury in 31 patients and 24 healthy volunteers. At baseline, microbleed concentrations were calculated. At follow-up, mean diffusivity (MD) was calculated in the normal-appearing WM in reference to the healthy volunteers (MD_z). Through linear regression, we evaluated the relation between microbleed concentration and MD_z in predefined structures.RESULTS:In the cerebral hemispheres, MD_z at follow-up was independently associated with the microbleed concentration at baseline (left: B = 38.4 [95% CI 7.5–69.3], P = .017; right: B = 26.3 [95% CI 5.7–47.0], P = .014). No such relation was demonstrated in the central brain. MD_z in the corpus callosum was independently associated with the microbleed concentration in the structures connected by WM tracts running through the corpus callosum (B = 20.0 [95% CI 24.8–75.2], P < .000). MD_z in the central brain was independently associated with the microbleed concentration in the cerebral hemispheres (B = 25.7 [95% CI 3.9–47.5], P = .023).CONCLUSIONS:SWI-assessed microbleeds in the subacute phase are associated with DTI-based WM integrity in the chronic phase. These associations are found both within regions and between functionally connected regions.

The yearly incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is around 300 per 100,000 persons.^1,2 Almost three-quarters of patients with moderate to severe TBI have traumatic axonal injury (TAI).³ TAI is a major predictor of functional outcome,^4,5 but it is mostly invisible on CT and conventional MR imaging.^6,7DTI provides direct information on WM integrity and axonal injury.^5,8 However, DTI abnormalities are neither specific for TAI nor stable over time. Possibly because of the release of mass effect and edema and resorption of blood products, the effects of concomitant (non-TAI) injury on DTI are larger in the subacute than in the chronic phase (>3 months).^4,9,10 Therefore, DTI findings are expected to reflect TAI more specifically in the chronic than in the subacute phase (1 week–3 months).⁴ Even in regions without concomitant injury, the effects of TAI on DTI are dynamic, possibly caused by degeneration and neuroplastic changes.^6,11,12 These ongoing pathophysiological processes possibly contribute to the emerging evidence that DTI findings in the chronic phase are most closely associated with the eventual functional outcome.^12,13Although DTI provides valuable information, its acquisition, postprocessing, and interpretation in individual patients are demanding. SWI, with which microbleeds can be assessed with high sensitivity, is easier to interpret and implement in clinical practice. In contrast to DTI, SWI-detected traumatic microbleeds are more stable¹ except in the hyperacute^14,15 and the late chronic phases.¹⁶ Traumatic cerebral microbleeds are commonly interpreted as signs of TAI. However, the relation is not straightforward. On the one hand, nontraumatic microbleeds may be pre-existing. On the other hand, even if traumatic in origin, microbleeds represent traumatic vascular rather than axonal injury.¹⁷ Indeed, TAI is not invariably hemorrhagic.¹⁸ Additionally, microbleeds may secondarily develop after trauma through mechanisms unrelated to axonal injury, such as secondary ischemia.¹⁸DTI is not only affected by pathophysiological changes but also by susceptibility.¹⁹ The important susceptibility-effect generated by microbleeds renders the interpretation of DTI findings at the location of microbleeds complex. In the chronic phase, mean diffusivity (MD) is the most robust marker of WM integrity.^4,6 For these reasons, we evaluated MD in the normal-appearing WM.Much TAI research focuses on the corpus callosum because it is commonly involved in TAI^5,18,20 and it can reliably be evaluated with DTI,^5,21 and TAI in the corpus callosum is related to clinical prognosis.^6,20 The corpus callosum consists of densely packed WM tracts that structurally and functionally connect left- and right-sided brain structures.²² The integrity of the corpus callosum is associated with the integrity of the brain structures it connects.²³ Therefore, microbleeds in brain structures that are connected through the corpus callosum may affect callosal DTI findings. Analogous to this, microbleeds in the cerebral hemispheres, which exert their function through WM tracts traveling through the deep brain structures and brain stem,^24,25 may affect DTI findings in the WM of the latter.Our purpose was to evaluate whether the microbleed concentration in the subacute phase is associated with the integrity of normal-appearing WM in the chronic phase. We investigated this relation within the cerebral hemispheres and the central brain and between regions that are functionally connected by WM tracts.     

Early intervention in myelofibrosis and impact on outcomes: A pooled analysis of the COMFORT-I and COMFORT-II studies

Background

In a pooled analysis of the phase 3 Controlled Myelofibrosis Study With Oral JAK Inhibitor Treatment I (COMFORT-I) and COMFORT-II clinical trials, adult patients with intermediate-2 or high-risk myelofibrosis who received oral ruxolitinib at randomization or after crossover from placebo or best available therapy (BAT) had improved overall survival (OS).

Methods

This post hoc analysis of pooled COMFORT data examined relevant disease outcomes based on the disease duration (≤12 or >12 months from diagnosis) before ruxolitinib initiation.

Results

The analysis included 525 patients (ruxolitinib: ≤12 months, n = 84; >12 months, n = 216; placebo/BAT: ≤12 months, n = 66; >12 months, n = 159); the median age was 65.0–70.0 years. Fewer thrombocytopenia and anemia events were observed among patients who initiated ruxolitinib treatment earlier. At Weeks 24 and 48, the spleen volume response (SVR) was higher for patients who initiated ruxolitinib earlier (47.6% vs. 32.9% at Week 24, p = .0610; 44.0% vs. 26.9% at Week 48, p = .0149). In a multivariable analysis of factors associated with spleen volume reduction, a logistic regression model that controlled for confounding factors found that a significantly greater binary reduction was observed among patients with shorter versus longer disease duration (p = .022). At Week 240, OS was significantly improved among patients who initiated ruxolitinib earlier (63% [95% CI, 51%‒73%] vs. 57% [95% CI, 49%‒64%]; hazard ratio, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.01‒2.31; p = .0430). Regardless of disease duration, a longer OS was observed for patients who received ruxolitinib versus those who received placebo/BAT.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that earlier ruxolitinib initiation for adult patients with intermediate-2 and high-risk myelofibrosis may improve clinical outcomes, including fewer cytopenia events, durable SVR, and prolonged OS.

Plain Language Summary

• Patients with myelofibrosis, a bone marrow cancer, often do not live as long as the general population. These patients may also have an enlarged spleen and difficult symptoms such as fatigue.
• Two large clinical trials showed that patients treated with the drug ruxolitinib lived longer and had improved symptoms compared to those treated with placebo or other standard treatments.
• Here it was examined whether starting treatment with ruxolitinib earlier (i.e., within a year of diagnosis) provided benefits versus delaying treatment.
• Patients who received ruxolitinib within a year of diagnosis lived longer and experienced fewer disease symptoms than those whose treatment was delayed.

     

Safety profile of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine: Pooled analysis of two large randomised phase 3 trials

Background

The ZOE-50 (NCT01165177) and ZOE-70 (NCT01165229) phase 3 clinical trials showed that the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) was ≥90% efficacious in preventing herpes zoster in adults. Here we present a comprehensive overview of the safety data from these studies.