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11.
Ernest G. Stillman 《The Journal of experimental medicine》1924,40(3):353-361
1. When mice are exposed to an atmosphere containing certain bacteria in the form of a fine mist, the bacteria may be recovered from the deeper respiratory passages. 2. Pneumococci which have reached the lungs of normal mice as a result of this procedure usually disappear within a few hours and give rise to no generalized infection. In mice intoxicated with alcohol, on the other hand, pneumococci persist in the lungs for a longer period and fatal speticemia frequently follows. 3. Hemolytic streptococci and Bacillus influenzæ generally persist in the lungs for about 24 hours. In intoxicated mice these organisms do not disappear so rapidly from the lungs and generalized infection is much more frequent. 4. The experiments yield no evidence as to how alcoholic intoxication renders the lungs more permeable to inspired bacteria. 相似文献
12.
13.
A. Robert Spitzer Shalom Stahl David Yarnitsky Ernest W. Johnson John R. Wilson R. A. C. Hughes Stefania Morino Giovanni Antonini Kiyotoshi Kaneko Yoji Ohnishi Tetsushi Atsumi Isao Hozumi Tadashi Miyatake Tetsuo Furukawa James P. Knochel Ikuo Mineo Seiichiro Tarui Francis O. Walker Andrew J. Gitter Walter C. Stolov Nicholas J. Capozzoli 《Muscle & nerve》1996,19(4):531-538
14.
Jan E. Zejda Thomas S. Hurst Ernest M. Barber Charles Rhodes James A. Dosman 《American journal of industrial medicine》1993,23(5):743-750
A cross-sectional survey on respiratory health in swine producers showed that 30% of 301 examined men usually used a dust mask when working inside a barn. They did not differ significantly from dust mask nonusers in respect to respiratory symptoms and lung function. This analysis was undertaken to determine whether the respiratory health of dust mask users was associated with reasons why they had started individual respiratory protection. The subjects were recontacted in order to identify those who started using a mask to deliberately prevent symptoms (42 men) and those who started protection because of pre-existing respiratory symptoms (44 men). Not unexpectedly, betweengroup comparisons of respiratory symptoms and lung function suggest that swine producers who wear dust masks for preventive purposes have better respiratory health than those who wear dust masks because of symptoms or those who do not use individual respiratory protection. The individual reasons for starting dust mask usage should be examined among potential determinants of the outcomes of prospective studies which can then provide more valid assessment of the effect of individual respiratory protection. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
15.
Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jay D Raman Michael A Palese Casey K Ng Stephen A Boorjian Douglas S Scherr Joseph J Del Pizzo R Ernest Sosa 《JSLS, Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons》2006,10(4):432-438
OBJECTIVE: We report our experience with hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (HALN) for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma and compare our results with a contemporary series of open nephroureterectomy (ON) performed at our institution. METHODS: Between August 1996 and May 2003, 90 patients underwent nephroureterectomy for upper-tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Thirty-eight patients underwent HALN, while 52 had an ON. End-points of comparison included operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), intraoperative and postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, pathologic grade and stage of tumor, and tumor recurrence. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 72.3 and 70.6 years in the ON and HALN groups, respectively. Mean operative duration was 243 minutes (ON) and 244 minutes (HALN), with an EBL of 478mL in the open group versus 191 mL in the hand-assisted group (P<0.001). No intraoperative complications occurred, but postoperative complications occurred in 4% and 11% of the ON and HALN groups, respectively (P=0.21). The mean hospital duration was 7.1 days (ON) versus 4.6 days (HALN) (P<0.01). No difference existed in the pathologic grade or stage distribution of urothelial tumors between the 2 groups. The mean follow-up was 51.0 months in the ON group and 31.7 months in the HALN group. Recurrence of urothelial carcinoma occurred in 50% of patients who underwent ON and 40% treated by HALN (P=0.38) at a median interval of 9.1 and 7.7 months, respectively, after surgery. CONCLUSION: Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy is an effective modality for the treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Patients benefited from less intraoperative blood loss and a shorter hospitalization with an equivalent intermediate-term oncologic outcome compared with that of the open approach. 相似文献
16.
For more than two decades, the International Narcotic Control Board (INCB) has tried to stop harm reduction and its HIV prevention
programs. This posture is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of their responsibilities and of drug addiction itself –
i.e. as a public health and clinical care matter made criminal by decree. A recent focal point for the Board's action has
been rejecting the use of supervised injection facilities to reduce morbidity and mortality of drug injectors. They single
out individual countries and attempt to bully them into rejecting such programs under the banner of the United Nations (falsely)
and in the name of international treaties. Their unrelenting and unjustified badgering of signatories to the international
treaties that established the INCB is not only unjustified; it is an affront to one of the core purposes of the Board itself:
to ensure adequate medical supplies and safe use of controlled substances. The INCB's ill-conceived obsession with intravenousaddiction
as a crime flies in the face of the medical view and policies of the World Health Organization and the universally endorsed
principles of the General Assembly of the United Nations. 相似文献
17.
Ernest Wang 《Academic emergency medicine》2004,11(12):1370; author reply 1370-1370; author reply 1371
18.
Endovascular stent implantation in patients with stenotic aortoarteriopathies: early and medium-term results. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ernest S Siwik Stanton B Perry James E Lock 《Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions》2003,59(3):380-386
Data regarding stent implantation for stenotic aortoarteriopathy (SAA) are incomplete. We report on nine patients with this rare syndrome who underwent arterial stent implantation. Indications, results, and complications for patients with SAA were reviewed. Nine patients underwent 11 procedures. Twenty-two stents were implanted in the aorta or brachiocephalic vessels. Five patients had diffuse stenoses, three patients had middle aortic syndrome, and one patient had thoracic and abdominal coarctation. Associated diagnoses included Williams syndrome (2), neurofibromatosis (2), Takayasu's (1), and congenital rubella (1). Median gradient was 60 mm Hg (20-140 mm Hg). Poststent gradient was 15 mm Hg (0-60 mm Hg; P < 0.001). Additional stents were implanted in two patients and five underwent stent redilation. Two patients (22%) were found to have aneurysm formation. Stent implantation effectively provides gradient relief in SAA. Gradient reduction persists or is amenable to redilation. Importantly, however, uncomplicated stent implantation does not preclude aneurysm formation and may be more common than in traditional patient groups. 相似文献
19.
Marcel Stokkel Aeilko Zwinderman Jaap Zwartendijk Ernest Pauwels Berthe van Eck-Smit 《European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging》1997,24(10):1215-1220
Between 10% and 25% of patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer without bone metastases at the time of diagnosis will
develop metastases during follow-up. To determine the value of clinical and biochemical parameters for assessment of prognosis
at the time of diagnosis, a retrospective study was performed in 124 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer
without bone metastases. The mean follow-up was 41 months, during which time 36 patients died and 15 patients developed metastases.
Bone scans were classified from 0 (=normal) through 2 (=abnormal, but not typical for metastases) and were correlated with
age, alkaline phosphatase (AP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), tumour grade, T-stage and N-stage. In patients with a class
2 scan, additional roentgenograms and follow-up were used to exclude metastases at initial stage. All parameters, including
therapy, were finally correlated with the development of metastases and survival. For survival 38 patients with proven metastases
were used as controls. For all parameters tested, no statistically significant differences were found between the three bone
scan classifications. The interval between diagnosis and the development of metastases ranged from 12 to 72 months. For the
risk of development of metastases only PSA was found to be a significant correlate (P=0.0075). However, when tumour stages were clustered in limited disease (T0–2) and extensive disease (T3–4), the incidence
of metastases was significantly higher in patients with extensive disease than in those with limited disease (P=0.0021). Finally, age, PSA and Anderson classification were found to be significant correlates of survival, but in stepwise
analysis PSA was selected as the most prognostic variable (P<0.0001). In contrast with a typical pattern of metastases on bone scintigraphy, an abnormal scan (class 1 and 2) at the time
of diagnosis is not a poor prognostic parameter of the risk of death. In conclusion, in patients with prostate cancer without
bone metastases at the time of diagnosis, pretreatment PSA and tumour stage can be used for the assessment of risk of development
of metastases during follow-up and survival. For this purpose, tumour stage should be clustered in limited and extensive disease.
Received 14 April and in revised form 9 June 1997 相似文献
20.
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Acute Cholecystitis: Prospective Trial 总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23
Samuel Eldar Edmond Sabo Ernest Nash Jack Abrahamson Ibrahim Matter 《World journal of surgery》1997,21(5):540-545
p
< 0.00001) and for hydrops (28.5%) and empyema of the gallbladder
(28.5%) (
p
= 0.004). The difference in conversion
between the group with acute necrotizing (gangrenous) cholecystitis and
the two groups with hydrops and empyema of the gallbladder was not
statistically significant (
p
= 0.07). The complication
rates of acute cholecystitis, hydrops, empyema of the gallbladder, and
gangrenous cholecystitis were 9.0%, 9.5%, 14.0%, and 20.0%,
respectively (
p
= NS). Patients with an operative
delay of 96 hours or less from the onset of acute cholecystitis had a
conversion rate of 23%, whereas a delay of more than 96 hours was
associated with a conversion rate of 47% (
p
= 0.022).
The complication rate was 8.5% in the laparoscopic group and 27% in
the converted group (
p
= 0.013). Patients over 65
years of age, with a history of biliary disease, a nonpalpable
gallbladder, WBC count over 13,000/cc, and acute gangrenous
cholecystitis were independently associated with a high LC conversion
rate; male patients, finding large bile stones, serum bilirubin over
0.8 mg/dl, and WBC count over 13,000/cc were independently associated
with a high complication rate following laparoscopic surgery with or
without conversion. Generally, LC can be performed safely for acute
cholecystitis, with acceptably low conversion and complication rates.
Different forms of cholecystitis carry various conversion and
complication rates in selected cases. LC for acute cholecystitis should
be performed within 96 hours of the onset of disease. Predictors of
conversion and complications may be helpful when planning the
laparoscopic approach to acute cholecystitis. 相似文献