Antimicrobial peptides play a functional role in bumblebee anti-trypanosome defense

Bumblebees, amongst the most important of pollinators, are under enormous population pressures. One of these is disease. The bumblebee and its gut trypanosome Crithidia bombi are one of the fundamental models of ecological immunology. Although there is previous evidence of increased immune gene expression upon Crithidia infection, recent work has focussed on the bumblebee’s gut microbiota. Here, by knocking down gene expression using RNAi, we show for the first time that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have a functional role in anti-Crithidia defense.     

A Model of First‐responder Coping: An Approach/Avoidance Bifurcation

The work of first responders is fraught with numerous stressors, ranging from potentially traumatic critical incidents to institutional strains. The severity and pervasiveness of these difficulties prompt a necessary consideration of the coping methods employed by first responders. The present study developed an empirical model of first‐responder coping strategies, based upon a nationally representative survey sample of 6240 first responders. Participants were drawn from Swedish first responders in the following occupations: coast guard, customs control, military, emergency medical services, fire department and police services. In the final model, exposure to stress related to well‐being through several indirect paths that in sum accounted for the original direct relationship between these constructs. These several indirect paths were classified theoretically as either approach or avoidance coping behaviours or subsequent health outcomes. In general, approach coping behaviours were related to better well‐being; and avoidance was related to a decrease in the outcome. The size of the present sample, as well as the diverse nature of the included first responders, suggests that the resulting model may offer a unique insight into potentially adaptive pathways for first‐responder coping. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Future directions in personality,occupational and medical selection: myths,misunderstandings, measurement,and suggestions

This paper has two objectives: (1) presenting recent advances in personality theory whereby personality traits are conceptualized within a framework that focuses on the dynamic interactions of behaviour, biology, context, and states, and (2) discussing the implications of these developments for measurement and medical selection. We start by presenting evidence that traits are no longer regarded as stable deterministic predictors of behaviour. Instead, traits are found to change across generations, the life span, and in response to environmental contingencies. Thus, there is an urgent need to explore how traits change as function of medical education. Second, drawing on recent theory and research (behavioural reaction norms and the density distribution model) we highlight evidence to show how the expression of trait relevant behaviour is dependent on context, and is distributed with an average (typical behaviour or personality) and a variance (plasticity or adaptability), with traditional personality measure associated with typical responding. Third, we demystify that some traits are better than others showing that so-called “good” traits have a dark-side. Fourth, we show how these developments impact on how personality might be assessed, thereby presenting recent evidence on the use of contextualized personality measures, situational judgment tests, other reports, and implicit measures. Throughout the paper, we outline the key implications of these developments for medical selection practices.     

The evaluation of gastrointestinal function in diabetic patients

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Dynamic Postural-Stability Deficits After Cryotherapy to the Ankle Joint

Context

 Decreased postural stability is a primary risk factor for lower limb musculoskeletal injuries. During athletic competitions, cryotherapy may be applied during short breaks in play or during half-time; however, its effects on postural stability remain unclear.

Objective

 To investigate the acute effects of a 15-minute ankle-joint cryotherapy application on dynamic postural stability.

Design

 Controlled laboratory study.

Setting

 University biomechanics laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

 A total of 29 elite-level collegiate male field-sport athletes (age = 20.8 ± 1.12 years, height = 1.80 ± 0.06 m, mass = 81.89 ± 8.59 kg) participated.

Intervention(s)

 Participants were tested on the anterior (ANT), posterolateral (PL), and posteromedial (PM) reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test before and after a 15-minute ankle-joint cryotherapy application.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

 Normalized reach distances; sagittal-plane kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle joints; and associated mean velocity of the center-of-pressure path during performance of the ANT, PL, and PM reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test.

Results

 We observed a decrease in reach-distance scores for the ANT, PL, and PM reach directions from precryotherapy to postcryotherapy (P < .05). No differences were observed in hip-, knee-, or ankle-joint sagittal-plane kinematics (P > .05). We noted a decrease in mean velocity of the center-of-pressure path from precryotherapy to postcryotherapy (P < .05) in all reach directions.

Conclusions

 Dynamic postural stability was adversely affected immediately after cryotherapy to the ankle joint.Key Words: postural balance, lower limb, kinetics

Key Points

• A 15-minute cryotherapy application to the ankle joint decreased cutaneous temperature recorded over the anterior talofibular ligament and deltoid ligament.
• Reach distances in the anterior, posterolateral, and posteromedial directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test and center-of-pressure mean velocity decreased after cryotherapy.
• A 15-minute cryotherapy application negatively influenced dynamic postural-stability performance.
• Elite-level field-based athletes should undergo a rewarming period before returning to participation after cryotherapy to the ankle joint to ensure they are not predisposed to injury due to decreased dynamic postural stability.

Cryotherapy is a treatment modality that clinicians commonly use to promote quicker recovery from soft tissue injury in athletes to expedite return to participation. It has been described as the application of cold therapy to living tissues that results in a lower tissue temperature^1,2 and often is used as an immediate treatment method to relieve the acute pain of soft tissue injuries.¹The proposed physiologic benefits of cryotherapy for injury have been widely reported. Cryotherapy facilitates edema reduction, produces analgesia,^2,3–6 reduces muscle temperature,⁷ and reduces injury-induced inflammation.^8,9 If an athlete incurs a mild sprain or contusion to the ankle joint in a game, the accepted practice during a break in participation (eg, during a half-time period) is to apply cryotherapy to the affected area.In contrast to the aforementioned positive physiologic effects, Bleakley et al¹⁰ reported in a recent literature review that cryotherapy application negatively affected at least 1 of the following outcomes: vertical-jump height, sprint time, or agility performance. These tasks are integral components of field-based sports, and any decrement in performance could predispose individuals to injury during participation. Pritchard and Saliba¹¹ suggested that athletic performance may be adversely affected when athletes return to participation immediately after cryotherapy. Furthermore, Costello and Donnelly¹² reported that cryotherapy negatively affects knee-joint positional sense. Uchio et al¹³ observed that a 15-minute cryotherapy application increased knee-joint stiffness and decreased knee-joint position sense acuity. Stal et al¹⁴ reported that ankle-joint sensorimotor control as quantified by static postural stability was negatively affected by a 20-minute cooling procedure known as hypothermic anesthesia, which is similar to a cryotherapy application.Postural stability refers to the ability to control the center of mass in relation to the base of support to prevent falls¹⁵ and is considered a fundamental component required for performing movement skills.¹⁶ Dynamic postural stability can be defined and measured as an assessment of an individual''s ability to maintain balance while transitioning from a dynamic to a static state.¹⁷ It is an essential part of an athlete''s physical attributes, especially for field sports, given their dynamic nature.¹⁸ Both static and dynamic postural stability result from the complex coordination of central processing from visual, vestibular, and somatosensory pathways, as well as the resultant efferent response.¹⁹Static-standing balance ability decreases after cryotherapy application. Cross et al²⁰ reported that after cryotherapy to the lower extremity, study participants had difficulty maintaining their balance on the treated extremity. More recently, Kernozek et al²¹ reported a deficit in mediolateral (ML) ground reaction force variability on the test leg immediately after a 20-minute cryotherapy application to the ankle joint, with a mean difference of 0.48 N relative to precryotherapy measures (P < .001; d = 1.20). At the 10-minute and 20-minute measurements postcryotherapy, participants continued to exhibit deficits in static-standing balance. However, traditional laboratory measures of postural stability, including static single-legged stance on instrumented force plates, may not be sensitive enough to detect postural-stability deficits associated with lower limb injury.²² Furthermore, Hrysomallis et al²³ indicated that postural-stability performance in static positions cannot be extrapolated to dynamic postural-stability performance, concluding that it is not advisable to infer the latter based on the former. Douglas et al²⁴ reaffirmed this conclusion, postulating that measures of dynamic standing balance may better represent the demands of the lower extremity during functional tasks and, therefore, may be a more appropriate assessment than static standing balance. In addition, Hrysomallis²⁵ showed that Australian Rules football players with an increased ML center-of-pressure (COP) excursion incurred at least twice as many ankle-ligament injuries as players with average or good postural stability. Kernozek et al²¹ and Douglas et al²⁴ observed that cryotherapy debilitated dynamic postural stability, potentially increasing the risk of lower limb injury.Considering the potential shortcomings of static postural-stability testing, our contention was that further investigations of the effects of cryotherapy application to the ankle joint on dynamic postural-stability performance are warranted. One potential method to investigate the influence of ankle-joint cryotherapy application on dynamic postural-stability performance is to use the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) as a primary assessment, supplemented by lower limb sagittal-plane motion analysis and force-plate–derived kinetic assessment. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to evaluate the acute influence of a 15-minute cryotherapy application to the ankle joint on dynamic postural stability as quantified by performance on selected reach directions of the SEBT, associated lower limb sagittal-plane kinematic profiles, and kinetic measures of postural stability. We hypothesized that a 15-minute cryotherapy application to the ankle joint would result in decreased reach distances on the selected directions of the SEBT and altered sagittal-plane ankle-joint kinematics and kinetic measures of postural stability.