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11.
12.
Uroscopy in the 21st century: high-field NMR spectroscopy 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Neild GH; Foxall PJ; Lindon JC; Holmes EC; Nicholson JK 《Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation》1997,12(3):404-417
From the experiments described, it can be seen that there are different
research approaches that can be taken and these are summarized in Table 1.
Whereas much scientific research is principally hypothesis led, there
remains, nevertheless, an important place for exploratory research. High
resolution NMR can measure, directly and simultaneously, a wide range of
endogenous metabolites in biological fluids and has the unique capability
of providing structural information on the metabolites detected. It has
proved to be a powerful research tool with which to study inherited
metabolic diseases, renal disease, drug metabolism, and toxicity, and can
be used to monitor the effects of drug therapy. For instance, by using a
library of experimental toxins one can map the metabolic profile of
site-specific nephron injury. With this approach in man one could
eventually take an unknown disease such as Balkan nephropathy and predict
the initial site of tubular injury, the mode of injury and therefore the
kind of toxin capable of producing that injury. NMR spectroscopic
techniques are still advancing rapidly, with ever increasing sensitivity
and sophistication of NMR pulse sequences to enhance structural elucidation
in complex mixtures. Given the advances in directly coupled HPLC-NMR and
even HPLC-NMR-mass spectroscopy it is likely that these technologies in
conjunction with pattern recognition will make major contribution to our
understanding of renal processes and provide new diagnostic insights in the
21st century.
相似文献
13.
Low DA Markman J Dempsey JF Mutic S Oldham M Venkatesan R Haacke EM Purdy JA 《Medical physics》2000,27(8):1814-1817
With the development of conformal radiotherapy, particularly intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), there is a clear need for multidimensional dosimeters. A commercial polymerizing gel, BANG-2 gel (MGS Research, Inc., Guilford, CT), has recently been developed that shows potential as a multi-dimensional dosimeter. This study investigates and characterizes the noise and magnetic resonance (MR) artifacts from imaging BANG-2 gels. Seven cylindrical vials (4 cm diam, 20 cm length) were irradiated end on in a water bath and read using MRI (B0=1.5 T, TE=20 ms/100 ms, TR=3000 ms). The gel calibration compared the measured depth-dose distributions in water against the change in solvent-proton R2 relaxivity of the gel. A larger vial (13 cm diam, 14 cm length) was also irradiated to test the calibration accuracy in a vial of sufficient volume for dose distribution measurements. The calibration curve proved accurate to within 1.3% in determining the depth dose measured by the larger vial. An investigation of the voxel-to-voxel (IXIX 3 mm3) noise and sensitivity response curve showed that the voxel-to-voxel variation dominated the dose measurement uncertainty. The voxel-to-voxel standard deviation ranged from 0.2 Gy for the unirradiated gel to 0.7 Gy at 20 Gy. Slice-to-slice R2 magnitude deviations were also observed corresponding to 0.2 Gy. These variations limited the overall accuracy of the gel dose measurements and warrant an investigation of more accurate MR readout sequences. 相似文献
14.
Characterization of the progeny of precursor-T (pre-T) cells maintained in vitro by interleukin-3 (IL-3). Development of T-cell function in vivo. 下载免费PDF全文
We have recently described a bone marrow culture system which is able to maintain a portion of the precursor-T (pre-T) cell compartment of adult murine marrow in vitro, in the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3), for at least 2 weeks. However, because growth in IL-3 might also induce the differentiation of the pre-T cells, it is necessary to determine the extent to which the developmental potential of the pre-T cells is altered during their residency in vitro. Previously, we analysed the progeny of cultured pre-T cells and compared their intrathymic development, their appearance in the periphery, and their V beta gene utilization to that of the progeny of fresh pre-T cells. Within these parameters, the cells derived from cultured marrow cells did not differ significantly from cells derived from fresh marrow cells. However, these studies did not allow us to determine the functional status of the T-cell progeny of cultured marrow. In the work presented here, we analysed the functional potential of T cells which were derived either from fresh pre-T cells or pre-T cells which had been maintained for 1 week in vitro. The T-cell mediated functions analysed included mitogen- and alloantigen-induced proliferation, IL-2 production, and generation of cytotoxic T cells. We found that the cultured pre-T cells were capable of giving rise to mature, immunocompetent T cells which did not differ significantly from the progeny of fresh pre-T cells in their functional potential. 相似文献
15.
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Despite much development, there remains dosimetric uncertainty in the surface and build-up regions in intensity-modulated radiation therapy treatment plans for head and neck cancers. Experiments were performed to determine the dosimetric discrepancies in the surface and build-up region between the treatment planning system (TPS) prediction and experimental measurement using radiochromic film. A head and neck compression film phantom was constructed from two semicylindrical solid water slabs. Treatment plans were generated using two commercial TPSs (PINNACLE3 and CORVUS) for two cases, one with a shallow (approximately 0.5 cm depth) target and another with a deep (approximately 6 cm depth) target. The plans were evaluated for a 54 Gy prescribed dose. For each case, two pieces of radiochromic film were used for dose measurement. A small piece of film strip was placed on the surface and another was inserted within the phantom. Overall, both TPSs showed good agreement with the measurement. For the shallow target case, the dose differences were within +/- 300 cGy (5.6% with respect to the prescribed dose) for PINNACLE3 and +/- 240 cGy (4.4%) for CORVUS in 90% of the region of interest. For the deep target case, the dose differences were +/- 350 (6.5%) for PINNACLE3 and +/- 260 cGy (4.8%) for CORVUS in 90% of the region of interest. However, it was found that there were significant discrepancies from the surface to about 0.2 cm in depth for both the shallow and deep target cases. It was concluded that both TPSs overestimated the surface dose for both shallow and deep target cases. The amount of overestimation ranges from 400 to 1000 cGy (approximately 7.4% to 18.5% with respect to the prescribed dose, 5400 cGy). 相似文献
18.
The effects of co-culture with human fibroblasts on human embryo development in vitro and implantation 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Wetzels AM; Bastiaans BA; Hendriks JC; Goverde HJ; Punt-van der Zalm AP; Verbeet JG; Braat DD 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》1998,13(5):1325-1330
In a human in-vitro fertilization (IVF) programme, the effect of co-
culture of embryos with human fibroblasts was evaluated with respect to
pregnancy rate and embryo development. Patients were included in the study
after giving informed written consent. The IVF treatments were randomly
assigned by stratification of both age (<36 versus > or =36 years)
and previous IVF attempts (yes versus no). After fertilization was
established, the zygotes were transferred to a 4-well dish with or without
fibroblasts and cultured for 2 days. On the third day after ovum pick-up
(OPU), cell number and quality [5 (good) to 1 (poor)] of the embryos were
scored and a maximum of three embryos was transferred. Supernumerary
embryos of good quality were cryopreserved. The design of this study was a
group sequential trial with the objective of detecting differences between
pregnancy rates following IVF with conventional incubation or incubation in
co-culture with fibroblasts. This design included one evaluation at
half-way data collection. In the study, 148 patients had an OPU, of whom 77
were allocated to the co-culture group. There was no statistically
significant difference in pregnancy rate, cell number and embryo quality
between the two groups. The ongoing pregnancy rate per embryo transfer was
27% in co-culture and 30% in the conventional culture group. The
implantation rates per transferred embryo were 17 and 18% respectively.
Using a multivariate logistic regression model for the probability of
ongoing pregnancies, the odds ratio of co-culture, adjusted for age and
previous IVF attempts, was not statistically significant. In conclusion,
co-culture with human fibroblasts does not contribute to an improvement of
embryo quality nor to a higher pregnancy rate after IVF in an unselected
group of patients.
相似文献
19.
Antimicrobial activity of various immunomodulators: independence from normal levels of circulating monocytes and natural killer cells. 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
The effects of 89Sr treatment on the natural host resistance of CD-1 mice and the enhancement of resistance by immunomodulators to infection with Listeria monocytogenes or herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) were determined. In the CD-1 mouse, single-dose treatment with 89Sr caused a profound decrease in the number of circulating monocytes (Mo), lymphocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) within 1 week. There was also marked functional impairment of the Mo inflammatory response, as well as markedly decreased spontaneous and activatable cytotoxicity by splenic natural killer (NK) cells. Despite this profound cellular suppression, there was no significant change in natural resistance of CD-1 mice to L. monocytogenes or HSV-2 infection. Furthermore, prophylactic treatment of mice with the biologic immunomodulator Corynebacterium parvum or the synthetic immunomodulators maleic anhydride-divinyl ether or avridine in liposomes resulted in comparable enhancement of resistance in 89Sr-treated and normal mice. These data indicate that natural and immunomodulator-enhanced resistance of CD-1 mice to microbial infections do not depend on normal levels of Mo, PMN, or NK cells. The resistance enhancement may rely on activated tissue macrophages (M phi). In contrast to the early changes in circulating leukocytes, the resident peritoneal cell populations were not markedly altered until after day 30. There then was a distinct decline in lymphocytes and a gradual decline in M phi; the change in M phi was apparently due to the lack of an age-related increase in the peritoneal M phi population in 89Sr-treated mice in comparison with a slight increase in resident M phi in normal mice. After CD-1 mice were treated with 89Sr, the number of PMN and the function of NK cells generally recovered by about day 50 and was followed by partial recovery of circulating Mo, unless a second dose of 89Sr was administered. 相似文献
20.
Inhibition of interleukin-1 beta mRNA expression and interleukin-1 alpha and beta secretion by a specific human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 下载免费PDF全文
P Conti C Feliciani R C Barbacane M R Panara M Reale F C Placido D N Sauder R A Dempsey P Amerio 《Immunology》1992,77(2):245-250