Urban legends series: oral manifestations of HIV infection

Human immunodeficiency virus‐related oral lesions (HIV‐OLs), such as oral candidiasis (OC) and oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), have been recognized as indicators of immune suppression since the beginning of the global HIV epidemic. The diagnosis and management of HIV disease and spectrum of opportunistic infection has changed over the past 30 years as our understanding of the infection has evolved. We investigated the following controversial topics: (i) Are oral manifestations of HIV still relevant after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)? (ii) Can we nowadays still diagnose HIV infection through oral lesions? (iii) Is the actual classification of oral manifestations of HIV adequate or does it need to be reviewed and updated? (iv) Is there any novelty in the treatment of oral manifestations of HIV infection? Results from extensive literature review suggested the following: (i) While HAART has resulted in significant reductions in HIV‐OLs, many are still seen in patients with HIV infection, with OC remaining the most common lesion. While the relationship between oral warts and the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is less clear, the malignant potential of oral human papillomavirus infection is gaining increasing attention. (ii) Effective antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV from a fatal illness to a chronic manageable condition and as a result expanded screening policies for HIV are being advocated both in developed and in developing countries. Affordable, reliable, and easy‐to‐use diagnostic techniques have been recently introduced likely restricting the importance of HIV‐OLs in diagnosis. (iii) The 1993 EC‐Clearinghouse classification of HIV‐OLs is still globally used despite controversy on the relevance of periodontal diseases today. HIV‐OL case definitions were updated in 2009 to facilitate the accuracy of HIV‐OL diagnoses by non‐dental healthcare workers in large‐scale epidemiologic studies and clinical trials. (iv) Research over the last 6 years on novel modalities for the treatment of HIV‐OLs has been reported for OC and OHL.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of right ventricular papillary endothelial hyperplasia

Papillary endothelial hyperplasia (PEH) is a benign process characterized by endothelial cell proliferation in a papillary pattern, usually occurring in reaction to traumatic vascular stasis or a thrombus. Commonly found in the soft tissues of the neck and extremities, intracardiac lesions in the left atrium, left ventricle, and coronary atherotomy specimens associated with trauma or thrombus have rarely been reported. A single prior report of a pure, isolated form of intracardiac PEH in the literature is noted. To the best of our knowledge, the imaging characteristics have not been described. We describe the dynamic magnetic resonance characteristics of a pure, isolated PEH occurring in the right ventricle.     

Infektionsschutzrecht

Background

Legal regulations concerning infection protection have been repeatedly revised in the last few years. At the national level the regulations for notifable diseases were recently broadened to include the suspicion of disease, the disease and death due to mumps, pertussis, rubella including congenital rubella and varicella (chickenpox). In addition notification deadlines were shortened in the new regulations and the information to be reported was expanded. At the “Bundesländer” level, there are also new regulations which expand notification concerning diseases and are extended to other contagious diseases. In addition, infection protection also includes measures to prevent and combat contagious diseases.

Objective

This article describes the current legal situation.     

醋酸环丙孕酮／炔雌醇复方片剂在人体的药代动力学

目的建立人血浆中醋酸环丙孕酮的HPLC—ESI—MS测定方法和丹酰氯衍生化血浆中炔雌醇的HPLC—APCI—MS测定方法,测定女性志愿者口服复方醋酸环丙孕酮片1片后的药代动力学参数,并对受试制剂和参比制剂的生物等效性进行评价。方法血浆样品中的炔雌醇以乙酸乙酯提取后,与丹酰氯发生衍生化反应,进行HPLC—APCI—MS分析,流动相为10mmol·L-1乙酸铵缓冲液（1％甲酸）-甲醇（3：97）。检测离子分别为m／z530．3（炔雌醇的丹酰氯衍生物）、m／z404．3（内标,对羟基联苯的丹酰氯衍生物1。结果在10．43～625．8Pg·ml-1范同内炔雌醇的丹酰氯衍生物与内标的丹酰氯衍生物峰面积比值与浓度呈良好的线性关系,最低定量限为10．43pg·ml-1结论本实验建立的分析方法灵敏、准确、简便,且统计学结果表明两种制剂生物等效。     

Platelet-melanoma cell interaction is mediated by the glycoprotein IIb- IIIa complex

A human malignant melanoma cell line (M3Dau) was observed by electron microscopy to interact directly with human platelets and induced platelet aggregation. Fab fragments of a monoclonal antibody MoAb (LYP18), directed against the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa complex, inhibited platelet-melanoma interactions and platelet-platelet aggregation. M3Dau melanoma cells bind LYP 18 and synthesize IIb-IIIa- like GPs. When the melanoma cells were preincubated with LYP 18, tumor- platelet interaction did not occur, suggesting that the interaction may be mediated by the IIb-IIIa-like GPs present on the melanoma cell surface. Glanzmann's thrombasthenic platelets, lacking GPIIb and IIIa, did not interact with melanoma cells, indicating that the platelet GPIIb-IIIa complex is also necessary for the platelet-melanoma cell interaction. This work demonstrates the importance of the IIb-IIIa-like GPs, present on M3Dau melanoma cells, in mediating tumor-platelet interactions.     

Progress in understanding oral health and HIV/AIDS

Over the last 30 years, there have been significant advances in our scientific knowledge of HIV disease, including prevention, detection, medical management, and attempts at cure. Investigations and observations of the oral cavity in individuals with HIV disease have contributed substantially to scientific discovery and innovation. Challenges remain for managing existing and emerging oral diseases associated with HIV and understanding the contribution of latent oral mucosal reservoirs to HIV eradication.