The incidence of error in young children's Wh-questions.

Many current generativist theorists suggest that young children possess the grammatical principles of inversion required for question formation but make errors because they find it difficult to learn language-specific rules about how inversion applies. The present study analyzed longitudinal spontaneous sampled data from twelve 2-3-year-old English speaking children and the intensive diary data of 1 child (age 2;7 [years;months] to 2;11) in order to test some of these theories. The results indicated significantly different rates of error use across different auxiliaries. In particular, error rates differed across 2 forms of the same auxiliary subtype (e.g., auxiliary is vs. are), and auxiliary DO and modal auxiliaries attracted significantly higher rates of errors of inversion than other auxiliaries. The authors concluded that current generativist theories might have problems explaining the patterning of errors seen in children's questions, which might be more consistent with a constructivist account of development. However, constructivists need to devise more precise predictions in order to fully explain the acquisition of questions.     

The implications of Project 2000 and the formation of links with higher education for the professional and academic needs of nurse teachers in the United Kingdom

A national study was conducted between 1991 and 1994 to explore and describe the changing role of the nurse teacher following the introduction of Project 2000 pre-registration nursing courses. Multiple methods were used to collect data from a wide variety of respondents (nurse teachers, midwife teachers, clinical nurses, health service managers and higher education lecturers). This paper presents the findings relating to the impact of Project 2000 and the move into higher education on the continuing educational needs of nurse teachers. Views on college strategies for staff development, the changing nature of teachers'academic and professional development needs and the problems of the conflicting demands experienced are reported. The research highlights the need for clinical credibility to be clearly defined in relation to nurse teachers and for educational institutions to place more emphasis on teachers'clinical development if the rhetoric of policy is to become a reality.     

Current trends in histocompatibility: clinical relevance versus laboratory phenomena

The role of conventionally analyzed data in tissue typing is decreasing in clinical transplantation. Improved immunosuppression seems increasingly capable of overcoming the immune response to known histocompatibility differences. The introduction of the concept of public specificities may improve the correlation between matching and graft outcome. The further understanding of the roles of cell-specific antigen systems, particularly those on the vascular endothelial cells, may also improve the clinical relevance of matching. The VEC antigens are becoming more important both in our understanding of histocompatibility and of sensitization. The sensitization of potential transplant candidates needs to be prevented by new protocols for transfusion. The amelioration of sensitization to histocompatibility antigens similar to that achieved in transplantation across the ABO barrier seems theoretically possible and should be an important research effort. Most importantly, sensitization needs to be more accurately defined. Sensitization to specific antigens (cell-specific as well as HLA) must be more carefully correlated with graft survival, and the quantitative aspects of sensitization must be better understood. Thus, there are new trends in the field of histocompatibility that hold promise for further improving the results of clinical transplantation and our understanding of the rejection process.     

Epidermal growth factor and trefoil factor family 2 synergistically trigger chemotaxis on BEAS-2B cells via different signaling cascades

Injured areas of the respiratory epithelium are subject to rapid repair by the migration of adjacent epithelial cells, a process termed "restitution". Rapid re-epithelialization is promoted by interactions between migrating cells and the extracellular matrix proteins. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor (EGF) as well as trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides are well known regulators of epithelial restitution due to their motogenic effects. Migration of the human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B in modified Boyden chambers was used as a model system for airway restitution. EGF or recombinant human TFF2 or TFF3 showed mainly chemotactic activity. The motogenic response was strictly dependent upon a haptotactic substrate, but to different degrees. EGF induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, p38, Akt, and p70S6K in BEAS-2B cells. Using specific inhibitors, the signaling cascades responsible for the motogenic response were shown to differ drastically when EGF was compared with TFF2. The motogenic effect of TFF2 was previously demonstrated to depend on ERK1/2 and protein kinase C activation; whereas the EGF-triggered motogenic response was completely independent of ERK1/2 activation but sensitive to the inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, p38, protein kinase C, or nuclear factor kappaB. However, the motogenic effects of EGF and TFF2 are additive. These data suggest that luminal EGF and TFF peptides can act synergistically in the human respiratory epithelium to enhance rapid repair processes in the course of diseases such as asthma.