Prostaglandin signaling suppresses beneficial microglial function in Alzheimer’s disease models

Microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, perform critical inflammatory and noninflammatory functions that maintain normal neural function. For example, microglia clear misfolded proteins, elaborate trophic factors, and regulate and terminate toxic inflammation. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), however, beneficial microglial functions become impaired, accelerating synaptic and neuronal loss. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to microglial dysfunction is an important objective for identifying potential strategies to delay progression to AD. The inflammatory cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin E2 (COX/PGE₂) pathway has been implicated in preclinical AD development, both in human epidemiology studies and in transgenic rodent models of AD. Here, we evaluated murine models that recapitulate microglial responses to Aβ peptides and determined that microglia-specific deletion of the gene encoding the PGE₂ receptor EP2 restores microglial chemotaxis and Aβ clearance, suppresses toxic inflammation, increases cytoprotective insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling, and prevents synaptic injury and memory deficits. Our findings indicate that EP2 signaling suppresses beneficial microglia functions that falter during AD development and suggest that inhibition of the COX/PGE₂/EP2 immune pathway has potential as a strategy to restore healthy microglial function and prevent progression to AD.     

双眼外直肌后徙术与常规疗法治疗斜视临床疗效比较

目的:比较双眼外直肌后徙术与常规疗法治疗斜视的临床疗效。方法:选取2016年6月-2017年6月笔者医院收治的128例斜视患者,按治疗方式不同分成对照组和研究组,每组各64例。其中对照组患者行常规单眼外直肌后徙联合内直肌缩短术(R&R),研究组患者行双眼外直肌后徙术(BLR-rec)。术后对患者随访1年,观察术后眼位正位率、欠矫率、过矫率,视觉功能恢复情况以及并发症发生率。结果:研究组患者正位率为89.06%高于对照组的68.75%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术前,对照组和研究组患者视近度、视远度和平均斜视度比较,两组患者融合功能和立体视功能占比比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后,两组患者的斜视度较治疗前均出现了明显下降(P<0.05),且研究组治疗后斜视度下降幅度明显大于对照组(P<0.05);两组患者视觉功能恢复率均明显增加(P<0.05),且研究组恢复率明显大于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组并发症发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:双眼外直肌后徙术较单眼外直肌后徙联合内直肌缩短术有更好地临床效果,且安全性更高,值得临床推广。     

浙江省2007－2017年罕见病住院病例特征分析

目的 分析2007-2017年浙江省24 388例罕见病住院病例特征，为制定罕见病防控策略提供依据。方法 收集2007-2017年浙江省10家三级甲等（三甲）医院罕见病住院病例资料和各年度住院数，进行描述性统计分析。结果 罕见病病例共24 388例，占住院总例数的2.69‰（24 388/9 054 201），病例数居前3位的疾病类型依次为"血液和造血器官疾病以及某些涉及免疫机能的异常"（占32.81%，8 001/24 388）、"先天性畸形、变形和染色体异常"（占24.87%，6 065/24 388）和"神经系统疾病"（占19.01%，4 635/24 388）；2007-2017年罕见病病例数呈逐年增长趋势，年均增幅19.69%，而罕见病例数占同期住院总例数比例仅在2016-2017年明显上升，各类型罕见病时间分布呈不同特征；罕见病的病例数男女性别比为1.35：1（13 990/10 398），男女性别比最高的3类疾病依次为"消化系统疾病"（4.45：1，1 180/265）、"损伤、中毒和外因的某些其他后果"（3.51：1，281/80）和"神经系统疾病"（2.26：1，3 213/1 422）；各年龄段罕见病类型、各类型罕见病年龄分布均呈不同特征；病例数居前10位的疾病占全部罕见病例数的53.55%（13 060/24 388），其中前3位疾病分别为成人粒细胞缺乏症（14.41%，3 515/24 388）、皮质基底核退化症（7.60%，1 854/24 388）和亨诺克-舍恩莱因紫癜（6.01%，1 466/24 388）。结论 本研究分析的浙江省2007-2017年24 388例罕见病住院病例的特征资料，是推动我国罕见病的研究、监测或登记数据库构建、制定防控策略的参考依据。     

新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情医疗废物应急处置管理实践——以重庆市为例

新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎(COVID-19)具有传播速度快、波及范围广和病死率较高等特点。加强新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间医疗废物管理是生态环境系统守好疫情防控的最后一道防线。以重庆市为例,分析疫情期间医疗废物应急处置管理现状,找准应急处置和管理过程存在的问题,从应急处置管理认识、处置政策、处置技术、处置监管、处置评估、应急价格、应急宣传等7方面提出应对具有高感染性病毒疫情废物管理的建议。     

郑州市三甲医院急诊科护士道德困境与职业倦怠的现状及相关性研究

目的 调查郑州市三甲医院急诊科护士的道德困境与职业倦怠的现状,并分析两者之间的相关性。方法 采用便利抽样法选取郑州市5所三甲医院的228名急诊科护士作为研究对象,采用一般资料调查表、中文版护士道德困境量表、护士职业倦怠量表对其进行问卷调查。结果 郑州市三甲医院急诊科护士道德困境总分为(49.41±13.35)分,职业倦怠总分为(63.51±17.25)分。单因素分析显示,不同学历、工作年限的急诊护士的道德困境得分比较,差异均有统计学意义(F=4.830,P=0.015; F=6.302,P=0.001);不同年龄急诊护士的职业倦怠得分比较,差异有统计学意义 (F=8.328,P=0.005),急诊科护士道德困境与职业倦怠呈正关性(r=0.412,P<0.05)。结论 郑州市三甲医院急诊科护士的道德困境与职业倦怠普遍存在,护士的道德困境与职业倦怠呈正相关。     

Necroptotic TNFα-Syndecan 4-TNFα Vicious Cycle as a Therapeutic Target for Preventing Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis

Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is a chronic degenerative disease for which the underlying mechanism still remains unclear. Compared with apoptosis and autophagy, necroptosis causes greater harm to tissue homeostasis by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). However, the role of necroptosis and downstream key DAMPs in TMJOA is unknown. Here, rodent models of TMJOA were established by the unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunohistochemistry of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3)/phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (pMLKL) were conducted to evaluate the occurrence of necroptosis in vivo. The therapeutic effects of blocking necroptosis were achieved by intra-articularly injecting RIPK3 or MLKL inhibitors and using RIPK3 or MLKL knockout mice. In vitro necroptosis of condylar chondrocyte was induced by combination of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics and carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]- fluoromethylketone (z-VAD-fmk). The possible DAMPs released by necroptotic chondrocytes were screened by quantitative proteomics and blocked by specific antibody. Translucent cytosol, swollen organelles, and ruptured cell membranes, features of necroptosis, were frequently manifested in chondrocytes at the early stage of condylar cartilage degeneration in TMJOA, which was accompanied by upregulation of RIPK3/pMLKL. Inhibiting or knocking out RIPK3/MLKL significantly prevented cartilage degeneration. DAMPs released by necroptotic condylar chondrocytes, such as syndecan 4 (SDC4) and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), were verified. Furthermore, blocking the function of SDC4 significantly attenuated the expression of TNFα in cartilage and synovium, and accordingly increased cartilage thickness and reduced synovial inflammation. Thus, the necroptotic vicious cycle of TNFα-SDC4-TNFα contributes to cartilage degeneration and synovitis, and can serve as a potential therapeutic target for treating TMJOA. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).     

Growth Hormone Induces Recurrence of Infantile Hemangiomas After Apparent Involution: Evidence of Growth Hormone Receptors in Infantile Hemangioma

Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common benign tumor of infancy, characterized by a natural history of early proliferation in the first months of life to eventual involution during childhood, often with residual fibrofatty tissue. Once involution has been achieved, IHs do not typically recur. We present two cases of exogenous growth hormone therapy resulting in the recurrence of IHs in late childhood, supported by radiological, immunohistochemical, in vitro, and in vivo evidence.     

上海市黄浦区社会办医疗美容机构《医疗美容管理办法》知晓情况调查

目的了解上海市黄浦区社会办医疗美容机构的管理人员和医师对《医疗美容管理办法》相关内容的掌握情况,发现存在的问题并提出改善建议.方法采用现场调查与现场问卷调查相结合的方式,对在上海市黄浦区开展医疗美容科目的所有社会办医疗机构(共计38家)进行全覆盖现场调查,并对其中的管理人员41人、相关医师31人进行问卷调查.结果38家社会办医疗美容机构中,美容外科和美容皮肤科的开展率较高,分别为96.8%和97.2%,而美容牙科开展率为52.4%,美容中医科开展率最低(25.0%).管理人员关于非主诊医师可在主诊医师指导下工作的知晓率仅68.3%.关于美容外科、皮肤科、中医科、牙科主诊医师应具备的工作年限,管理人员答对率为90.2%,医师答对率为72.0%,二者有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论社会办医疗美容机构中的二级科目设置需进一步优化,以减少资源空置.应加强对医疗机构管理人员和医师的法律培训,改变经营模式,制定明确的准入与退出机制,从而减少违法违规行为的发生.     

大椎刮痧治疗小儿外感发热(风热型)的临床疗效观察

【目的】观察大椎刮痧结合布洛芬口服对小儿外感发热(风热型)的疗效。【方法】将100例风热型外感发热患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各50例。对照组给予布洛芬口服治疗,治疗组给予大椎刮痧结合布洛芬口服治疗。观察2组患儿治疗前及治疗后30 min、60 min、120 min的体温变化情况,评价2组患儿治疗后120 min的降温疗效、中医证候疗效和安全性。【结果】(1)观察过程中,治疗组脱落1例,其余49例完成试验;对照组无脱落病例,50例全部完成试验。(2)治疗后30、60、120 min,2组患儿的体温均逐渐降低,与治疗前及前1个观察时点比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组在治疗后60、120 min的体温均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)治疗后120 min,2组患儿的中医证候积分均较治疗前降低(P0.05),且治疗组的中医证候积分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(4)降温疗效方面,治疗后120 min,治疗组的总有效率为100.0%(49/49),对照组为96.0%(48/50),治疗组的降温疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(5)中医证候疗效方面,治疗后120 min,治疗组的有效率为61.2%(30/49),对照组为18.0%(9/50),治疗组的中医证候疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(6)治疗过程中,2组患儿均无明显不良反应发生。【结论】大椎刮痧结合布洛芬口服治疗风热型外感发热患儿疗效显著,相比单纯布洛芬口服治疗,可更好地降低患儿体温,改善患儿临床症状。