农村地区反对歧视艾滋病病毒感染者和患者干预活动效果评价

目的　采取干预手段转变农村居民对艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染者和患者 (PLWHAs)歧视态度。 方法 　实施多种形式干预比较干预前后的效果。 结果　干预前 50 %的村民不知道HIV的三种传播途径 ,65 %～ 79%不了解非传播途径 ,仅 6 %答对所有问题。面对面访谈发现 ,村民对PLWHAs的歧视态度并不严重 ,可能与实际情况不一致。干预后三种传播途径的正确回答率上升为 81 % ,非传播途径的正确回答率从 1 2 %上升为 45 % ,所有问题均正确回答的上升为 35 %。持各项歧视态度的比例下降 ,持同情帮助的比例上升。Logistic分析提示 ,干预活动对持同情、帮助态度的作用大于文化程度和年龄。 结论 　反对歧视PLWHAs活动应从宣传艾滋病预防知识入手 ,在此基础上开展更为细致的反歧视工作     

率的等效性检验方法的比较

目的 :对 10种率的等效性检验方法的Ⅰ型误差和检验效能进行比较 ,并据此选择较好的方法估计样本含量 ,以便实际工作者应用。方法 :采用MonteCarlo模拟试验。结果 :10种方法中 ,以Dun nett Gent方法为最佳 ,并按该方法估计了样本含量。模拟试验表明 ,率的等效性检验所需要的样本含量非常大 ,当试验组和参考组各只有 10 0例时 ,任何等效性检验方法的检验效能均较低。结论 :按目前国家食品药品监督管理局规定的最低样本含量 10 0对 ,相应的检验效能很低 ,建议用统计学方法进行估计。     

2008年11月中国部分法定传染病疫情动态摘抄

麻疹重庆：2008年11月报告麻疹270例,无死亡,比上月（115例）上升134.78%,与2007年同期（147例）相比上升83.67%%,病例分布于19个区县,其中奉节县最多（146例）,占全市发病总数的54.07%。     

2008年10月中国部分法定传染病疫情动态摘抄

肺结核 江苏省：全省2008年10月报告发病数5339例，死亡15例，报告病例数比上月下降4．44％，比2007年同期（4019例）上升32．84％，上月报告死亡19例，2007年同期死亡21例。报告发病率为7．07／10万，死亡率为0．02／10万，病死率为O．28％，和2007年同期相比，发病率上升32．89％，死亡率下降28．57％，病死率下降46．23％。报告病例中涂（＋）、涂（一）、未痰检、仅培阳构成比分别为49．59％、37．07％、12．81％、0．17％。     

Preventing adverse sequelae of bacterial vaginosis: a public health program and research agenda

BACKGROUND: The cause of bacterial vaginosis remains poorly understood. Recent evidence strengthens the association between bacterial vaginosis and serious medical complications. GOAL: To review the evidence linking bacterial vaginosis with adverse pregnancy outcomes, complications after gynecologic procedures, and HIV infection, and to identify prevention strategies. METHODS: In March 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention organized a conference to accomplish this goal. RESULTS: Better understanding is needed concerning the etiology, epidemiology, and natural history of bacterial vaginosis. More efficacious treatment of bacterial vaginosis and strategies to reduce maternal complications associated with bacterial vaginosis, such as premature rupture of the fetal membranes, chorioamnionitis, premature labor and delivery, postdelivery endometritis, and postpartum infant complications should be developed. Recent evidence shows that screening and treatment of bacterial vaginosis before abortion reduces postabortion pelvic inflammatory disease, and that anaerobic coverage during hysterectomy reduces postoperative complications. Better understanding concerning the relation of bacterial vaginosis to acquisition of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection are needed as well as possible prevention strategies. CONCLUSIONS: A national prevention effort should be guided by the results of research that addresses current knowledge gaps.     

2011年5月中国部分法定传染病疫情动态摘抄

麻疹 青海省:2011年5月全省报告病例95例,发病率为1.71/10万,发病数较上月上升116%,较2010年同期上升42%.发病人群主要以＜2岁儿童为主(占65%),发病率较高的县为玛多县、泽库县.中国疾病预防控制中心疾病控制与应急处理办公室     

Hemodynamics and metabolism at low versus moderate altitudes

Despite the higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in populations residing at moderate altitudes, mortality in these populations is lower than in populations residing at low altitudes. To examine whether metabolic and hemodynamic differences can explain this apparent paradox, we performed a cross-sectional study of a general population sample recruited in the Canary Islands, Spain (n=6729). We recorded altitude of residence, age, heart rate, blood pressure, body mass index, social class, physical activity, energy intake, alcohol intake, smoking habit, prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. In a subsample (n=903), we recorded serum concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, C peptide, leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sObR), C-reactive protein, resistin, soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), and paraoxonase activity (PON), and we estimated insulin resistance and free leptin index. We found an inverse association between altitude and heart rate (p<0.001), leptin (p<0.001), free leptin index (p<0.001), resistin (p<0.001), and sCD40L (p<0.05) and a direct association between altitude and hypertension (odds ratio=1.29 for altitude >600 m; 95% confidence interval=1.03-1.62), glycemia (p<0.05), C peptide (p<0.001), insulin resistance (p<0.001), sObR (p<0.05), and PON (p<0.05). When social class was included in the multivariate model, the association with PON was no longer significant. In conclusion, individuals residing at moderate altitudes have a lower heart rate and lower serum concentration of total leptin, free leptin, and sCD40L. These differences may partially explain the lower mortality in these populations.