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During the past decade, important steps have been taken globally to improve the status of children. Concurrently, significant
advances have been made toward understanding how child development is shaped by transactions between biological and environmental
influences. Despite such advances, ongoing adversities in the lives of children worldwide undermine the development of individuals
and thus the health of nations. The primary tenets of this paper are that: children continue to suffer a disproportionate
share of the world’s adversities; exposure to early adversities is not only associated with increased morbidity during childhood,
but also across the lifespan; and recent advances in understanding the operation and ontogeny of stress-response systems can
help explain how adversity is translated into lifelong effects on health. Acknowledging the long-lasting sequelae of childhood
adversity has important implications for public health and society. 相似文献
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Primary infection with Pneumocystis carinii usually occurs early in life, and young infants receiving prolonged treatment with high-dose corticosteroids may be at risk for the development of symptomatic disease. Prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is safe and effective and should be considered for such infants, particularly those with underlying airway abnormalities. We describe a 3-month-old immunocompetent infant who developed severe P carinii pneumonia after 6 weeks of high-dose corticosteroid therapy for cervicofacial and airway hemangiomas. 相似文献
96.
Bender L Spalton DJ Uyanonvara B Boyce J Heatley C Jose R Khan J 《Journal of cataract and refractive surgery》2004,30(10):2058-2063
PURPOSE: To describe a new method of measuring posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and intraocular lens (IOL) rotation and report the validation of the method. SETTING: Ophthalmology Department, St. Thomas' Hospital, and Medical Imaging, Department of Physics, King's College, London, United Kingdom. METHOD: A new interactive software program, POCOman, was developed for the semiobjective assessment of PCO. Digital images of the posterior capsule, which can be acquired by any technique, are analyzed by the observer to determine the percentage area of PCO and assign a severity score. The system was validated by comparing it to clinical slitlamp evaluation of PCO and automated POCO system analysis using a library of 100 images taken from archives. The software also measures sequential IOL rotation for the evaluation of toric IOLs. RESULTS: An image could be analyzed in approximately 2 minutes. The results of the POCOman system correlated well with the results of the automated POCO system and clinical evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: The POCOman is an effective, user-friendly system for quantifying PCO. It can be obtained for free and has advantages over other methods. 相似文献
97.
Perinatal hypoxia/ischemia damages and depletes progenitors from the mouse subventricular zone 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Hypoxia-ischemia (H/I) as a result of asphyxia at term remains a major cause of neurologic disability. Our previous studies in the P7 rat model of perinatal H/I have shown that progenitors within the subventricular zone (SVZ) are vulnerable to this insult. Since many investigators are using transgenic and knockout mice to determine the importance of specific molecules in the evolution of damage after a stroke, there is a need to perform comparative studies on the relative vulnerability of the mouse SVZ. Here we assess damage to the SVZ of 5-, 7- and 10-day-old C57BL/6 mice after unilateral common carotid artery cauterization followed by 70 min of H/I (10% O2). Whereas 5- and 7-day-old mice sustained little SVZ damage as assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, there was a 16% reduction of cellularity in 10-day-old animals by 18 h of recovery. Additionally, swollen cells were observed in the medial region of the SVZ of 10-day-old mice. However, few caspase-3+ and TUNEL+ cells were observed in this region, which contains the putative neural stem cells. Rather, the majority of the dying cells were situated in the mediolateral and lateral tail of the SVZ. At 18 h of recovery, there was a 2-fold increase in the frequency of TUNEL+ cells in the ipsilateral SVZ as well as a 3-fold increase in the frequency of active-caspase-3+ cells. We conclude that progenitors within the neonatal mouse SVZ are vulnerable to hypoxic/ischemic insult. The demise of these early progenitors likely leads to depletion of neuronal and late oligodendrocyte progenitors, contributing to cerebral dysgenesis. 相似文献
98.
Moffat DF Allen RA Rapecki SE Davis PD O'Connell J Hutchings MC King MA Boyce BA Perry MJ 《Current medicinal chemistry》2004,11(6):747-753
We have developed a series of 4-thiophenoxy-N-(3,4,5-trialkoxyphenyl) pyrimidine-2-amines as potent and selective inhibitors of p56lck tyrosine kinase activity. In particular, the most potent inhibitor shows cellular activity in T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulated models of cytokine release, which suggests an immunomodulatory role for this class of inhibitor. 相似文献
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100.
Cameron FJ Clarke C Hesketh K White EL Boyce DF Dalton VL Cross J Brown M Thies NH Pallas G Goss PW Werther GA 《Journal of paediatrics and child health》2002,38(6):593-596
OBJECTIVES: To compare groups of urban and regional Victorian diabetic children and assess their quality of life, diabetes knowledge, access to services and metabolic control. METHODS: Forty-seven children from three regional Victorian communities (Horsham, Warrnambool and Sale; n = 16, 18 and 13, respectively) were compared with 120 age-, sex- and duration of diabetes-matched children attending the Royal Children's Hospital (RCH) diabetes clinic in Melbourne. Quality of life, diabetes knowledge, use of services, and metabolic control were assessed using the child health questionnaire (CHQ PF-50/CF-80); a diabetes-knowledge questionnaire; access to a diabetes nurse educator (DNE), dietitian and complication screening; and indices of mean HbA1C (values are taken every 3 months in the 'yearly HbA1C'), respectively. RESULTS: Comparisons of CHQ data showed that regional diabetic youth scored significantly lower on most subscales. The greatest deficits were seen in areas of mental health, self-esteem, parent impact (emotional) and family cohesion. Diabetes knowledge and median yearly HbA1C for patients were not significantly different between the regional and urban centres (8.1%, 8.9%, 8.4% and 8.6% at RCH, Horsham, Warrnambool and Sale, respectively). Patients in regional centres had reportedly less access to team-based diabetes care. CONCLUSIONS: Regional youth in Victoria, with similar levels of metabolic control and diabetes knowledge as their urban counterparts, have a markedly lower quality of life, implying a negative synergy between diabetes and the demands of regional lifestyles. 相似文献