Microbial flora and food borne pathogens on minced meat and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents

Background

Food-borne pathogens are the leading cause of illness and death in developing countries. Changes in eating habits, mass catering, unsafe food storage conditions and poor hygiene practices are major contributing factors to food associated illnesses. In Ethiopia, the widespread habit of raw beef consumption is potential cause for food borne illnesses. The present study aimed at investigating the microbial quality of meat available in common retail shops, restaurants and abattoir of Jimma City and determining susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates.

Method

A total of 165 samples from food establishments, butcher shops and a slaughter houses were processed and analyzed for the presence of indicator bacterial and potential food pathogens using standards methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for Salmonella, Shigella and Staphylococcus aureus isolates using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.

Results

A total of 165 samples were collected from twenty four hotels and five butchers and an abattoir. Various food borne pathogens were isolated in 13 (43.3%) and indicator organisms in 29 (96.7%) out of the thirty food establishments (hotels, butchery and abattoir). Overall, ten different bacterial species were isolated which included, proteus spp 89 (53.9%), E. coli 44 (26.6%), Providencia spp 23 (13.9%) Citrobacter spp 15(9%), Pseudomonas spp 9 (5.5%), Klebsiella spp 2 (1.2%), Enterobacter spp 2 (1.2%), Salmonella spp 2(1.2%), and Shigella species 1 (0.6%). Out of the 44 E. coli isolates 37 (84%) were thermo tolerant E. coli and out of the gram positive organisms identified 20 (12.1%) were Staphylococcus aureus isolates. From the two Salmonella isolates one was susceptible against all 12 tested antimicrobials, while the other to all the 11 except cephalexin. Shigella dysentery was resistant only to co-trimoxazole and tetracycline. Out of the 20 S. aureus isolates, 90% showed resistance to oxacillin, 85% to ampicillin, 65% to erythromycin, 60% to amoxicillin, 35% to streptomycin, and 20% to vancomycin and all isolates were sensitive to co-trimoxazole (100%). In this study, 90% (18/20) of the S. aureus isolates were Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Conclusion

In this study high percentage of indicator organisms as well as food borne pathogens were identified, which shows unhygienic condition of handling and processing in the food establishments. Our data also confirmed the presence of resistant food pathogens; particularly Staphylococcus aureus isolates which are Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistant that emphasizes close follow up in the utilization of antibiotics. Therefore, meat handlers and sellers should be educated on the adverse effect of lack of proper personal, environmental hygiene and sanitation. In addition, consumers should be made aware of the risk of consuming raw and inadequately cooked meat.     

阿霉素导致兔血清肌钙蛋白T变化的实验研究

目的 观察逐渐增量注射阿霉素(ADR)对兔血清心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)动态变化的影响,籍以了解ADR对心脏毒性的量效关系.方法 将新西兰兔18只,随机分成阿霉素(ADR)组(10只)和对照组(8只).ADR组每周从兔耳静脉注射ADR 1次(2mg/kg,用生理盐水配制成1mg/ml),共6次.对照组注射生理盐水.两组分别在第1、28、35、42天(ADR累积量为0、8、10、12 mg/kg)抽血检测cTnT.结果 当阿霉素的累积达到10mg/kg后,cTnT明显升高,且与ADR的累积量正相关(P＜0.005,r=0.79).结论 动态检测血清cTnT的变化可以反映阿霉素对心脏毒性的严重程度.     

唑来膦酸在骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折经皮椎体成形术后的临床应用

目的：通过对比研究,观察骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的患者在经皮椎体成形术后应用唑来膦酸的临床治疗效果。方法2010年7月至2013年2月,将中山市中医院骨一科240例椎体压缩性骨折行PVP手术治疗的患者随机分成两组,治疗组在术后3日予以静滴唑来膦酸针;对照组单纯予以椎体成形术。两组患者自入院起均予以口服碳酸钙／维生素D3片,600 mg／d。分别于术前1周及术后1月、3月、6月、9月、一年行腰椎骨密度、血清PINP及β－CTX浓度检查,并进行统计分析。结果随访1年,两组患者共240例获得随访,治疗后治疗组患者在VAS评分、腰椎骨密度、血清PINP及β－CTX浓度等的变化与对照组相比均具有显著性差异,且治疗组患者的依从性较好,新发椎体骨折少。结论唑来膦酸治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折可增加患者椎体骨密度、改善患者疼痛、预防新发椎体骨折、提高患者生活质量,可用于骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者PVP术后的巩固治疗。     

运用仿真模拟急救演习提高护士急救能力

目的探讨运用仿真模拟急救演习的方法,提高儿科急诊护士急救能力.方法对急诊室护士开展仿真模拟急救演习,即采用场景模拟、拟定急救方案、角色扮演、现场实施急救,演习结束后进行分析总结,由专家考核评分.结果经过仿真模拟急救演习,儿科急诊护士的的临床护理急救技能和综合能力较演习前显著提高(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论儿科仿真模拟急救演习能全面提高儿科急诊护士的综合素质、整体协调能力和实践操作技能,同时亦提高了儿科急危重症患儿的救治率.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者健康信念与治疗依从性的相关性分析

目的了解慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(慢性乙肝)患者的健康信念及其与治疗依从性的关系.方法采用随机分层抽样方法对300例慢性乙肝患者进行调查,内容包括患者的基本情况、健康信念和治疗依从性等.采用SPSS 11.0 统计软件对资料进行分析.结果 300例慢性乙肝患者治疗依从性总得分为35.32±6.95;9.00%患者选择从不就诊,12.67%患者从不服药,40.00%患者未定期到医院检查;治疗依从性与健康信念及其各维度的相关分析中,显示患者的健康信念与治疗依从性呈显著正相关(P<0.05,P<0.01).慢性乙肝患者越能认识到治疗行为的益处及必要性,维护身体健康的动机越强,其治疗依从性越高;而认为治疗慢性乙肝有害、没有必要治疗者其依从性较差.结论慢性乙肝患者的健康信念影响着患者的治疗依从性.为减少或延缓慢性乙肝并发症的发生以及控制疾病的传播,护士应关注慢性乙肝患者的健康信念及其对治疗依从性的影响,使护理干预措施更加系统化.     

硝苯吡啶对充血性心力衰竭病人静息及运动时的血流动力学效应

作者观察了27例充血性心力衰竭(CHF)病人用硝苯吡啶(NFP)治疗后的静息及运动血流动力学效应,和 NFP 对 CHF 血浆去甲肾上腺素(NE)、血乳酸、肺动脉二氧化碳分压(PCO_2)及肺动脉血氧饱和度(O_2Sat)的影响,结果表明:NFP使静息及运动状态下的平均动脉压(MBP)、肺动脉舒张末期压(PAEDP)、体循环血管阻力(SVR)明显下降(P<0.01),每搏输出量(SV)及每搏指数(SVI)明显增加(P<0.05),使左室作功曲线向左上移动。NFP 使血浆 NE 明显下降(P<0.05),NFP 对血乳酸、O_2Sat、PCo_2无影响(P>0.05)。提示:NFP 改善大多数 CHF 病人静息及运动状态下的血流动力学,无反射性交感神经紧张。可安全地用于大多数 CHF 病人。     

心脏直视手术后患者胃管风险评估及护理对策

目的通过评估和分析心脏直视术后患者留置胃管的护理风险,制定有效的护理对策,确保患者安全。方法对316例心脏直视手术后患者进行详细的留置胃管风险评估和分析,并针对每条风险,制定和实施有效的护理对策。结果316例患者未发生胃管相关不良事件,护理结局良好。结论正确评估心脏直视术后患者留置胃管风险,并采取积极有效的护理措施,可以减少或避免护理不良事件发生,使患者安全得到最大保障。     

人脑发育过程中髓鞘碱性蛋白基因的表达

为探索人脑髓鞘碱性蛋白（ＭＢＰ）基因表达的时空秩序与髓鞘发生和形成之间关系，采用３２Ｐ－和生物素标记鼠ＭＢＰｃＤＮＡ和地高辛标记人ＭＢＰｃＲＮＡ探针，对发育过程中人脑进行Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ斑点杂交和原位杂交研究。Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ斑点分析结果显示：１６周胎龄脑ＭＢＰｍＲＮＡ表达已明显，Ａ５９０值近２．０／μｇＲＮＡ，随发育逐渐增加，至成年其表达增至９倍（Ａ５９０值为１８／μｇＲＮＡ）。８～２５周胎龄脊髓和延脑切片以及２０、２２和２５周胎龄桥脑、中脑、丘脑、小脑和大脑切片原位杂交结果表明：在８～９周胎龄人脑脊髓前角和近延脑第四脑室底区域中，其散在细胞的核周胞浆内有ＭＢＰｍＲＮＡ表达信号，该阳性细胞比少突细胞大，而且胞浆丰富，它们究竟是神经元或胶质前体仍待鉴定。在２０周胎龄期，ＭＢＰｍＲＮＡ表达在脊髓和延脑区骤增，并沿少突细胞突起延伸呈网状；此期桥脑该基因表达已明显，在其他脑区该表达信号也有散在分布     

Influences of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Obesity and Weight-Related Behaviors among Chinese Children: A Multi-Center Longitudinal Study

COVID-19-related lockdown measures have been affecting children’s weight status and weight-related behaviors, which are often associated with an increase in childhood obesity. However, large-scale longitudinal studies are lacking. Our study aimed to analyze changes in obesity and weight-related behaviors in Chinese children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and provide references for addressing the high prevalence of childhood obesity. A prospective multi-center longitudinal survey was conducted among Chinese children (n = 5963), collecting data on weight status, COVID-19-related measures, and lifestyle behaviors. Changes were assessed using t-tests and χ² tests for paired samples, or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, according to the type and distribution of data. The Generalized Estimating Equations model was used to explore influential factors of obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from 9.2% and 8.6% before the pandemic to 10.5% and 10.6% during the pandemic (p < 0.001), respectively. Daily physical activity, sleep duration, and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption decreased while screen time increased. The results of the generalized estimating equations showed that ethnic minority, older age, less daily physical activity, reduced sleep duration, and longer screen time were positively associated with obesity. There is an intensifying trend of obesity in children in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, to which altered weight-related behaviors might have contributed largely. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, especially in social crises, should be highlighted to ease the burden of childhood obesity.     

感觉神经损伤性盐敏感性高血压大鼠新模型的建立及其细胞内游离钙的变化

目的　建立一种新的感觉神经损伤性盐敏感性高血压大鼠模型 ,并探讨该模型细胞内游离钙 ([Ca2 + ]i)的变化。方法　新生Wistar大鼠皮下注射辣椒辣素 (5 0mg/kg) ,对照组则皮下注射对照液 ,哺乳期后挑选出雄性大鼠分成 4组分别给予含盐不同的饮食 4周 ,检测鼠尾收缩压、体重、淋巴细胞 [Ca2 + ]i 和 2 4h尿量、饮水量、尿钠、尿钾。结果　辣椒辣素处理的新生大鼠在高盐饮食时鼠尾收缩压、淋巴细胞 [Ca2 + ]i 明显增高 ,肾排钠和水功能降低。结论　新生大鼠辣椒辣素敏感性感觉神经损伤可使大鼠在盐负荷时血压显著而持久地升高、细胞 [Ca2 + ]i 明显升高及肾排钠和水功能受损。