Leben mit Konsum und Rückfällen

The terms relapse and drug consumption have different meanings in the addiction therapy. They depend on the motivation of change and the process of warming up, of the kind and severity of addiction and the existing role repertoire. Finally, the focus on the controlled respectively the uncontrolled use shows therapeutical boundaries just as positive perspectives.     

Biofilm Formation within the Interface of Bovine Root Dentin Treated with Conjugated Chitosan and Sealer Containing Chitosan Nanoparticles

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to assess biofilm formation within sealer-dentin interfaces of root segments filled with gutta-percha and sealer incorporated with chitosan (CS) nanoparticles with and without canal surface treatment with different formulations of CS.MethodsStandardized canals of 4-mm bovine root segments (N = 35) were filled with gutta-percha and pulp canal sealer incorporated with CS nanoparticles without surface treatment (group CS) or after surface treatment with phosphorylated CS (group PHCS), CS-conjugated rose bengal and photodynamic irradiation (group CSRB), or a combination of both PHCS and CSRB (group RBPH). The control group was filled with gutta-percha and an unmodified sealer. After 7 days of setting, specimens were aged in buffered solution at 37°C for 1 or 4 weeks. Monospecies biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis were grown on specimens for 7 days in a chemostat-based biofilm fermentor. Biofilm formation within the sealer-dentin interface was assessed with confocal laser scanning microscopy.ResultsIn the 4-week–aged specimens only, the mean biofilm areas were significantly smaller than in the control for the CS (P = .008), PHCS (P = .012), and RBPH (P = .034) groups. The percentage of the biofilm-covered interface also was significantly lower than in the control for the CS (P = .024) and PHCS (P = .003) groups. The CS, PHCS, and RBPH groups did not differ significantly.ConclusionsIncorporating CS nanoparticles into the zinc oxide–eugenol sealer inhibited biofilm formation within the sealer-dentin interface. This effect was maintained when canals were treated with phosphorylated CS, and it was moderated by canal treatment with CS-conjugated rose bengal and irradiation.     

Bacteria Adhere Less to Barbed Monofilament Than Braided Sutures in a Contaminated Wound Model

Background

Previous studies have found fewer clinical infections in wounds closed with monofilament suture compared with braided suture. Recently, barbed monofilament sutures have shown improved strength and increased timesavings over interrupted braided sutures. However, the adherence of bacteria to barbed monofilament sutures and other commonly used suture materials is unclear.

Questions/Purposes

We therefore determined: (1) the adherence of bacteria to five suture types including a barbed monofilament suture; (2) the ability to culture bacteria after gentle washing of each suture type; and (3) the pattern of bacterial adherence.

Methods

We created an experimental contaminated wound model using planktonic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Five types of commonly used suture material were used: Vicryl™, Vicryl™ Plus, PDS™, PDS™ Plus, and Quill™. To determine adherence, we determined the number of bacteria removed from the suture by sequential washes. Sutures were plated to determine bacterial growth. Sutures were examined under confocal microscopy to determine adherence patterns.

Results

The barbed monofilament suture showed the least bacterial adherence of any suture material tested. Inoculated monofilament and barbed monofilament sutures placed on agar plates had less bacterial growth than braided suture, whereas antibacterial monofilament and braided sutures showed no growth. Confocal microscopy showed more adherence to braided suture than to the barbed monofilament or monofilament sutures.

Conclusions

Barbed monofilament suture showed similar bacterial adherence properties to standard monofilament suture.

Clinical Relevance

Our findings suggest barbed monofilament suture can be substituted for monofilament suture, at the surgeon’s discretion, without fear of increased risk of infection.     

Exercise Prevents Fructose-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia in Healthy Young Subjects

Excess fructose intake causes hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic insulin resistance in sedentary humans. Since exercise improves insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant patients, we hypothesized that it would also prevent fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the effects of exercise on circulating lipids in healthy subjects fed a weight-maintenance, high-fructose diet. Eight healthy males were studied on three occasions after 4 days of 1) a diet low in fructose and no exercise (C), 2) a diet with 30% fructose and no exercise (HFr), or 3) a diet with 30% fructose and moderate aerobic exercise (HFrEx). On all three occasions, a 9-h oral [¹³C]-labeled fructose loading test was performed on the fifth day to measure [¹³C]palmitate in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL)-triglycerides (TG). Compared with C, HFr significantly increased fasting glucose, total TG, TRL-TG concentrations, and apolipoprotein (apo)B48 concentrations as well as postfructose glucose, total TG, TRL-TG, and [¹³C]palmitate in TRL-TG. HFrEx completely normalized fasting and postfructose TG, TRL-TG, and [¹³C]palmitate concentration in TRL-TG and apoB48 concentrations. In addition, it increased lipid oxidation and plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations compared with HFr. These data indicate that exercise prevents the dyslipidemia induced by high fructose intake independently of energy balance.It is currently suspected that overconsumption of fructose, in the form of either sugar or high-fructose corn syrup, may promote obesity and favor the development of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia (1,2). This is supported by a large number of studies in rodents, which demonstrate that a high-sucrose diet causes obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis (3) and that this effect is mainly due to the fructose component of sucrose (4,5). Consistent with this hypothesis, epidemiological studies have shown that high intakes of sugar, fructose, or sweetened beverages are associated with the development of obesity (6,7), diabetes (8), hypertriglyceridemia (9), an increase in small dense atherogenic LDL particles (10), high blood pressure (11), albuminuria (12), and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (13). Several short-term studies have further documented that hypercaloric, high-fructose diets can cause increases in a number of cardiometabolic risk factors in humans, such as fasting and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (14–18), ectopic lipid deposition in liver cells (19,20), impaired postprandial glucose homeostasis (18), and hepatic insulin resistance (21,22). Some of these effects may be related, at least in part, to the fact that fructose can be converted into fatty acids, which has been demonstrated after both acute (23) and chronic (18) fructose feeding. Exercise is very efficient at reducing the metabolic dysfunctions associated with obesity (24,25), and although many of these effects appear to be related to enhanced energy expenditure and improved energy balance (26,27), there is growing evidence that such improvements are independent of the changes in energy balance or body composition (28,29). Exercise has also been shown to prevent the accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL)-triglycerides (TG) and improve the plasma atherogenic lipid profile in healthy subjects fed a high-carbohydrate diet (30). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether exercise would similarly prevent fructose-induced metabolic effects.     

Infectious complications of acute and chronic liver disease

Acute and chronic liver diseases are frequently complicated by infections, which result in increased morbidity and mortality and place an economic burden on health care systems. This review discusses the epidemiology and the impact on prognosis of infections in liver cirrhosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, acute liver failure, and post-liver transplantation. Possible mechanisms for this increased susceptibility are innate immune dysfunction (Kupffer cells, neutrophils, monocytes), genetic predisposition, and intrinsic cellular defects. The causes for innate immune dysfunction may lie in increased gut permeability, the occurrence of endotoxemia, albumin and lipoprotein dysfunction, or toll-like receptor expression. From a clinical viewpoint this article discusses problems in diagnosing infection. Established (vaccination, antibiotic prophylaxis, antiviral prophylaxis, and nutrition) and experimental (probiotic) prophylactic strategies as well as established (antibiotics) and experimental (liver support, albumin, toll-like receptor antagonists) strategies are also reviewed.     

Prevalence of the human papillomavirus (HPV) expression of the inner prepuce in asymptomatic boys and men

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) human papillomavirus (HPV) in prepuces of boys and men without any HPV related lesions.

Patients and methods

Between 2009 and 2011, a total collective of 250 boys and men were investigated in this prospective study. The samples were subdivided into 3 groups regarding their age, consisting of 125 (50 %) children (0–10 years), 38 (15.2 %) adolescents (11–20 years) and 87 (34.8 %) adults (>20 years). In situ hybridization (ISH) was performed to detect HR and LR virus types within the epithelium, followed by microscopic interpretation and determination between episomal and integrative signal pattern.

Results

Our results revealed high levels of HPV concentration (HR and LR) in all age groups: HR versus LR positivity was seen in 45.5 versus 35 % (children), 60.6 versus 63.6 % (adolescents) and 58.3 versus 48.6 % (adults). The topmost rate of HR (59.8 %)- and LR (50.6 %)-positive probes was found in the group with high estimated sexual activity (>14 years).

Conclusion

Concerning the high prevalence of male HPV infection even in children, indicating non-sexual transmission pathways, inclusion of boys in the vaccination program seems to be required reducing their burden of HPV related disease.     

Polypropylene meshes coated with a polysaccharide based bioadhesive for intra-abdominal mesh fixation in a rabbit model

Background

In this study, we evaluate a new bioadhesive for intra-abdominal onlay mesh fixation of a polypropylene–polyvinylchloride graft.

Methods

Three pieces of a commercially available polypropylene/polyvinylfluoride mesh, each 3 × 3 cm in size, and three pieces of the same mesh coated with a polysaccharide bioadhesive were fixated to the surface of the anterior abdominal wall of 30 New Zealand white rabbits. The fixation was performed either by using four transabdominal Prolene^® 4/0 sutures, four spiral tacks (Protack 5 mm Tyco), or cyanoacrylate glue (Glubran^® GEM, Viareggio, Italy). Each mesh position and the according kind of fixation were randomized before implantation. The animals were sacrificed 12 weeks postoperatively. After determining the extent of intra-abdominal adhesions, the meshes were excised en bloc with the anterior abdominal wall for tensile strength measurements and histological analysis.

Results

All meshes coated with the bioadhesive adhered to the intact peritoneum without extra fixation. Irrespective of the fixation technique coated meshes led to more and stronger adhesions. Mesh shrinkage by scarring was increased in coated meshes fixed with glue and low in uncoated meshes fixed with tacks. Testing the tensile strength, coated meshes fixed with transfascial sutures achieved the best results (16.14 ± 6.1 N), whereas coated meshes fixed with glue showed the lowest strength (10.39 ± 4.81 N). The foreign body reaction was considerably more distinctive using coated mesh. The mesh ingrowth was not influenced by this reaction.

Conclusions

All meshes coated with the new bioadhesive were self-adhesive in that way; they stayed in position when attached to the peritoneum. Although this may facilitate intra-operative mesh fixation, the bioadhesive displayed several disadvantages, such as stronger adhesions and an increased shrinkage of the implant. The tensile strength was not influenced by the use of the bioadhesive. At present, we see no major advantage for polysaccharide bioadhesive applied in this study.