A human antibody binds to alpha-galactose receptors and mimics the effects of Clostridium difficile toxin A in rat colon

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Nearly all human sera contain an immunoglobulin G antibody (antigalactose) that binds the trisaccharide Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc expressed on cells from most mammals but not humans. Because the Clostridium difficile toxin A receptor in rodents contains this trisaccharide, the aim of this study was to examine whether antigalactose could mimic the enterotoxic effects of toxin A and bind to receptors containing this trisaccharide. METHODS: Fluid secretion, [3H]-mannitol permeability, and release of rat mast cell protease II and prostaglandin E2 were measured after luminal exposure of rat colon to either purified human anti-galactose, control immunoglobulin G, toxin A, or buffer. RESULTS: Toxin A (5 micrograms) and antigalactose (250 micrograms) but not control immunoglobulin (250 micrograms) stimulated colonic fluid secretion and caused increased mannitol permeability and rat mast cell protease II release. Antigalactose and toxin A and, to a lesser degree, control immunoglobulin G also stimulated release of prostaglandin E2, but only toxin A produced acute inflammation of rat colonic mucosa. Antigalactose and toxin A bound specifically to a single class of colonic brush border receptors with dissociation constants of 10(-6) mol/L and 5.4 x 10(-8) mol/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Fluid secretion, increased permeability, and mast cell activation occur in rat colon when toxin A or human antigalactose immunoglobulin G bind to receptors bearing the trisaccharide Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc. (Gastroenterology 1996 Jun;110(6):1704-12)     

Duodenal hematoma: the ring sign in MR imaging

Proper management of duodenal hematoma requires that an accurate diagnosis be made using noninvasive radiological methods. Conventional imaging may be nonspecific if there is no history of trauma or coagulopathy. Two cases of duodenal hematoma that were imaged by magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) are described. In both cases the hematoma had a well-defined concentric ring configuration on MR images, a finding which helped establish the diagnosis. MR imaging may provide tissue-specific characterization of duodenal hematomas.     

Biliary stricture dilatation: multicenter review of clinical management in 73 patients

Eighty-nine biliary strictures in 73 patients who had undergone percutaneous balloon dilatation were reviewed to determine long-term patency rates and clinical management problems. The majority of dilatations were performed in patients with anastomotic strictures (n = 44), iatrogenic strictures (n = 28), and strictures associated with sclerosing cholangitis (n = 17). Patency rates after 36 months or more were 67%, 76%, and 42%, respectively. Complications, mostly minor, occurred in less than 7% of patients. Of patients with significant biliary obstruction, 15% had little or no intrahepatic biliary duct dilatation demonstrated by cross-sectional imaging and/or direct cholangiography. No definite conclusions could be drawn about the utility of long-term internal/external stenting.     

Rapid MR imaging with suspended respiration: clinical application in the liver

The authors demonstrate that it is possible to obtain highly T1-weighted images of the abdomen using a suspended respiration partial saturation (SRPS) method in a breath-holding interval. T2*-weighted images, which reflect tissue T2 as well as variations in the static magnetic field, can also be rapidly obtained. The authors studied five healthy subjects and 19 patients with a variety of liver abnormalities, including benign and malignant hepatic neoplasms, fatty liver infiltration, ascites, and hematoma. On T1-weighted multisection acquisitions, the entire liver can be screened for mass lesions in a single 20-second breath-holding interval. Phase-contrast SRPS images are sensitive to fatty infiltration of the liver. SRPS images are more sensitive to variations in magnetic susceptibility than spin-echo images are, which has been proved to be of value in the detection of hemorrhage. With continued pulse sequence development and clinical study, this method has the potential to become the method of choice for evaluation of the upper abdomen.     

Ferrite particles for bowel contrast in MR imaging: design issues and feasibility studies

Diverse materials with varying physical and magnetic properties have been evaluated as gastrointestinal contrast agents for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Uniform marking of the small bowel remains the greatest challenge. Ferrites are magnetically active iron oxide particles that are miscible with water and cause loss of signal on MR images. The decrease in MR signal intensity produced by ferrites occurs with a wide range of iron concentrations (0.1-10 mM) and with both T1- and T2-weighted pulse sequences. These effects of ferrites are explained by predominant T2 shortening with negligible T1 effects. The ferrite preparation used in this study was stable in vitro, with little iron solubilized by acid. Intragastric administration of ferrite (5 mg of iron per kg in 6 ml) routinely marked the small bowel of rats. The authors conclude that ferrites represent a promising new class of contrast agents for gastrointestinal MR imaging.     

Tetrahydrocannabinol vs. prochlorperazine. The effects of two antiemetics on patients undergoing radiotherapy

The authors tested the effectiveness of orally administered delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as compared to prochlorperazine for the alleviation of symptoms, such as vomiting and nausea, experienced by patients receiving radiotherapy. The test subjects rated the severity of their illness, as well as the extent of their subsequent moods, their level of concentration, their amount of physical activity, and their desire for social interaction. They chose the drug they preferred and recorded its side effects. The use of THC was slightly more beneficial than the use of prochlorperazine.     

人参皂甙Rb1和Rg1对小鼠中枢神经递质受体和脑内蛋白质合成的影响

应用放射配基结合法测定了人参皂甙Rb₁和Rg₁对α₁,α₂,β肾上腺素能受体、M胆碱能受体、5-羟色胺、多巴胺及GABA等七种受体的作用。结果均不能证明它们对这七种受体有亲和力。但给动物ip药物连续5天,Rb₁和Rg₁均能使中枢M胆碱受体密度显著增高。Rb₁及Rg₁还能显著增加脑内蛋白质的含量。上述实验结果对解释人参的中枢作用提供了重要证据。