Incorporation of [35S]sulfate into glomerular membranes of rats chronically exposed to cadmium and its relation with urinary glycosaminoglycans and proteinuria.

The aim of the present work was to assess the effects of long-term exposure to Cd on the sulfatation of glomerular membranes and their relation with proteinuria and urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAG). For this purpose the in vitro incorporation of [35S]sulfate was investigated in female Sprague-Dawley rats given 100 ppm of Cd in drinking water for 7 months. When compared with their controls, glomeruli from Cd-treated rats showed a 12.8% decrease in the incorporation of the label into glomerular membranes. This effect, which was not explained by differences in viability or in sulfate uptake by the glomeruli, suggests that sulfatation of glomerular membranes is impaired in Cd-treated rats. In support of this, in another independent experiment, a decrease, 17.4% on average, of the sulfate content of glomerular membranes was observed in long-term Cd-treated rats (100 ppm in drinking water for 4 months). This effect was significantly correlated with albuminuria and transferrinuria but not with beta 2-microglobinuria, suggesting that a loss of heparan sulfate of the glomerular capillary wall could be involved in the Cd-induced glomerular proteinuria. On the other hand an enhanced urinary excretion of GAG, negatively correlated with the sulfate content of glomerular membranes, was also observed in Cd-treated rats. Moreover GAG excretion was associated with tubular and glomerular proteinuria, which suggests that GAG might be a useful marker of Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.     

Cortical Reorganization Allows for Motor Recovery after Crossed Cerebrocerebellar Atrophy

The authors report the case of a 33-year-old woman who exhibited, at the age of 17, a left-sided hemiplegia, which was followed by good motor recovery, though with a permanent deficit in fine finger movements. She had a widespread loss of neural tissue in the right hemisphere (crossed cerebrocerebellar atrophy), including (1) marked atrophy and thinning of the precentral and postcentral gyri; (2) widespread deep white matter destruction, including the corticospinal tract; and (3) crossed cerebellar atrophy. Except over the supplementary motor area (SMA), transcranial magnetic stimulation did not elicit motor evoked potentials in the affected hand. Nevertheless, during opening and closing of the affected hand, functional magnetic resonance imaging showed an activation of the lesioned primary sensorimotor cortex (SMC), as well as of the intact SMA and the parietal areas, but not of the ipsilateral motor areas. The authors speculate that recovery was achieved by a motor command generated in the SMC and the parietal cortex, passing through corticospinal axons originating in the SMA.     

Access to primary health care for Australian young people: service provider perspectives.

BACKGROUND: To adequately address the complex health needs of young people, their access to services, and the quality of services received, must be improved. AIMS: To explore the barriers to service provision for young people and to identify the training needs of primary healthcare service providers in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. DESIGN OF STUDY: A cross-sectional, qualitative study of the perspectives of a range of health service providers. SETTING: A range of primary healthcare organisations across NSW. METHODS: Samples of general practitioners (GPs), youth health workers, youth health coordinators, and community health centre staff were drawn from urban and rural clusters across NSW. Focus groups and interviews were used to identify barriers to service provision and the training needs of service providers. Data were tape recorded, transcribed, and analysed. RESULTS: Barriers to service provision among GPs and community health centre staff included inadequate time, flexibility, skills, and confidence in working with young people, and poor linkages with other relevant services. Training needs included better knowledge of and skills in adolescent health requirements, working with adolescents, and working with other services. Barriers to service provision for youth health workers and coordinators included lack of financial resources and infrastructure. There were few linkages between groups of service providers. CONCLUSION: Models of service provision that allow stronger linkages between service providers, sufficient time for consultation with young people, adequate training and support of health professionals, and flexibility of service provision, including outreach, should be explored and evaluated.     

AIDS counselling and nurse education.

The number of people with AIDS and HIV related disorders is increasing. Nurses are going to be called, increasingly, to act as AIDS counsellors. This paper explores some of the issues involved in counselling people with AIDS and some of the related literature. It suggests that any course for helping nurses to develop such skills will involve at least the following elements: information, values clarification and basic counselling skills.     

Efficacy of anti-digoxin antibodies in a premature neonate

Through the case report of severe digitalis intoxication in a premature born after 27 weeks of gestation with a birthweight of 800 g, the authors show that anti-digoxin antibodies constitute a very efficacious therapeutic tool which, up to the present, has not been used in prematures.     

Early childhood teachers' preparation and the quality of program outcomes

The issue of the preparation of effective teachers becomes more critical for teachers of early childhood programs. It has been hypothesized that better program quality depends on better-educated teachers. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the importance of a high level of education for all early childhood education teachers. This issue has intrigued early childhood researchers and has prompted a large amount of research studies over the past decades. In order to assess the status of this line of inquiry and to provide guidance for future research, a critical analysis of 40 studies on the preparation of early childhood education teachers and the quality of their educational programs that were published within a 15-year (1989-2004) period is presented here. The analysis consisted of literal and allegorical critical analysis and interpretative critical analyses, which generated results in three main areas that focused on the professional development of the teachers, including teachers' professional development, the importance of a Bachelor's Degree and educational standards for early childhood education teachers.     

Increasing Maternal Blood Pressure with Ephedrine Increases Uterine Artery Blood Flow Velocity during Uterine Contraction

Background: During labor, ephedrine is widely used to prevent or to treat maternal arterial hypotension and restore uterine perfusion pressure to avoid intrapartum fetal asphyxia. However, the effects of ephedrine on uterine blood flow have not been studied during uterine contractions. The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of ephedrine on uterine artery velocities and resistance index using the Doppler technique during the active phase of labor.

Methods: Ten normotensive, healthy parturients with uncomplicated pregnancies at term received intravenous ephedrine during labor to increase mean arterial pressure up to a maximum of 20% above their baseline pressure. Peak systolic and end-diastolic Doppler flow velocities and resistance indices were measured in the uterine artery before and immediately after administration of bolus intravenous ephedrine and after ephedrine washout. Umbilical and fetal middle cerebral arterial resistance indices and fetal heart rate were also calculated.

Results: After ephedrine administration, mean arterial pressure increased by 17 +/- 4%. End-diastolic flow velocity in the uterine artery at peak amplitude of uterine contraction was restored to 74% of the value observed in the absence of contraction. The systolic velocity was totally restored, and the uterine resistance index was significantly decreased, compared with the values in the absence of contraction. Between uterine contractions, ephedrine induced similar but less marked effects. Fetal hemodynamic parameters were not altered by ephedrine administration.