Socio-Demographic Correlates of Injection Drug Use Among Male Drug Users: A Cross Sectional Study in Nepal

Drug abuse is one of the major public health problems in Nepal. The objective of this study is to explore the factors responsible for the injecting drug use in Nepal. A cross sectional study was conducted among drug users in Pokhara sub metropolitan city in Nepal. Taking prevalence of 20 % at 95 % confidence interval and 20 % non-response rate, 448 samples were calculated for face to face interviews. Most of the study participants were >24 year’s age. Sixty-one percentage of the participants were unemployed. The largest percentage belonged to Gurung/Rai/Pun (37 %) ethnic groups, and had completed secondary level of education (47.5 %). In the logistic regression analysis occupation, motivating factors for drug use, ever been to custody, age at first drug use, age at first sex, money spent on drugs, ever been rehabilitated and age of the respondents showed a statistically significant association with injecting drug use status. The respondents having business [Adjusted Odds ratio (aOR) 4.506, 95 % CI (1.677–12.104)], service [aOR 2.698, 95 % CI (a1.146-6.355], having tragedy/turmoil [aOR 3.867, 95 % CI (1.596–9.367)], family problem [aOR 2.010, 95 % CI (2.010–53.496)], had sex at >19 years [aOR 1.683, 95 % CI (1.017–2.785)], rehabilitated >2 times [aOR 4.699, 95 % CI (1.401–15.763)], >24 years age group [aOR 1.741, 95 % CI (1.025–2.957)] had higher odds of having injecting habits. Having money spent on drugs >3,000 NRs (300 USD) [aOR 0.489, 95 %CI (0.274–0.870), not been to custody (aOR 0.330, 95 %CI (0.203–0.537)] and having curiosity for drug use [aOR 0.147, 95 % CI (0.029–0.737)] were found to be protective for injecting drug use. This study recommends the harm reduction program specifically focused on drug users of occupational groups like business, service and the youths through public health actions to stop transiting them to injecting drug use.     

Therapy of Core Binding Factor Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Incremental Improvements Toward Better Long-Term Results

BackgroundDespite being considered as good prognostic acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), the long-term survival rate in core binding factor (CBF) AML leaves room for substantial improvement.Materials and MethodsWe reviewed relevant English language literature related to treatment of CBF AML available in PubMed. Review also included meeting abstracts.ResultsMulticycle high dose cytarabine in consolidation improves remission duration but larger groups report overall survival in the range of 40% to 50% at 5 years or longer.ConclusionsConcerted effort is needed toward improving outcomes in CBF AML through clinical trials and risk-adapted approach.     

Papillary Fibroelastoma of the Pulmonary Valve – A Systematic Review

The pulmonary valve is the least affected site for valvular papillary fibroelastoma. With increasing use of routine echocardiography and other modalities of imaging, pulmonary valve papillary fibroelastomas (PVPFE) are being recognized more frequently. PVPFE is more often an incidental diagnosis and symptomatic patients usually present with shortness of breath. Embolic phenomena and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction are the most serious complications of PVPFE. Since PVPFE is rare, the purpose of this systematic review is to address demographic characteristics, the clinical presentation, management, and outcome of this benign tumor of the pulmonary valve.     

“It is easier for me to shoot up”: stigma,abandonment, and why HIV-positive drug users in Russia fail to link to HIV care

Many HIV-positive people who inject drugs (PWID) globally are not receiving HIV care. This represents a major challenge among key populations to end the global HIV epidemic. This qualitative study explored the process and associated barriers of linking HIV-positive PWID who are in addiction treatment to HIV care in St. Petersburg, Russia. We conducted three focus groups and seven semi-structured interviews with participants in the LINC (“Linking Infectious and Narcology Care”) project at addiction and HIV hospitals in St. Petersburg. The sample consisted of 25 HIV-infected patients with opioid dependence and seven health-care providers, including addiction and infectious disease physicians and case managers. A variety of intertwining factors influence effective engagement of PWID with HIV treatment. Stigma, problematic patient–provider relationships, and fragmented health care were the main challenges for HIV care initiation by PWID, which were further exacerbated by injection drug use. Effective linkage of PWID to HIV care requires acknowledging and addressing stigma’s role and different perspectives of patients and providers.     

Normal Anatomic Variants on Transthoracic Echocardiogram

Apart from their existence as medical curiosities, anatomic variants also double as diagnostic dilemmas. In the heart, more than in any other location in the body, misinterpretation of normal anatomic variants as pathologic entities can have a profound impact on treatment decisions and clinical consequences. Echocardiography is an easily accessible tool these days and is used routinely in most cardiac evaluations. Thus it becomes imperative for the echocardiographer to be cognizant of normal anatomic variants. Furthermore, echocardiographic findings should always be evaluated in their proper clinical context and diagnoses should never be entertained in a clinical vacuum. The literature is replete with numerous case reports and vignettes on these fascinating structures but is lacking in a formal review of normal anatomic variants. In this article, we have attempted a systemic review of normal variants, their embryologic origins, echocardiographic characteristics, and common pitfalls encountered in their evaluation.     

Venous thromboembolism and ethnicity

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) has long been considered a disease that affects predominantly white populations, a misconception resulting from a paucity of epidemiological data from non-Western countries, and the low incidence of hereditary thrombophilia in those of non-Caucasian background. Over the last decade, interest has grown in this area with the emergence of evidence that VTE is as prevalent, if not more so, in the black population and is also common in Asian groups. Much is still to be learned, as our current knowledge of hereditary thrombophilia and acquired risk factors do not fully explain the risk of VTE in non-Caucasian groups. This review summarises the current understanding of ethnic variation in VTE and highlights the need for further research in this area.     

Effect of enalapril and losartan on cytokines in patients with stable angina pectoris awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting and their interaction with polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 gene

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may have anti-inflammatory actions, an effect that could explain some of their beneficial effects on cardiovascular events in clinical trials. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is associated with a systemic inflammatory response and provides a convenient model to examine the effects of such agents. Genetic polymorphisms may be important in influencing the expression of cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). We randomized men awaiting CABG to treatment with enalapril, losartan, or control for 2 months before surgery. Systemic IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor agonists were measured before and after surgery, and genotypes for the -174 G/C and -572 G/C IL-6 gene polymorphisms were determined. Total release of the IL-1 receptor agonist was decreased 29% by enalapril and 31% by losartan (adjusted p = 0.041). IL-6 was decreased 17% by enalapril and 20% by losartan. Subjects possessing the -174 GG genotype produced 20% more IL-6 (adjusted p = 0.029). In these high producers of IL-6, release of IL-6 was decreased 51% by enalapril (adjusted p = 0.001) and 32% by losartan (adjusted p = 0.068). Release of IL-10 was nonsignificantly decreased 26% by enalapril and 21% by losartan, whereas IL-8 was not detected. In conclusion, enalapril and losartan significantly decreased release of the IL-1 receptor agonist after CABG. Enalapril produced a highly significant decrease of 51% in the release of IL-6 in patients identified as high producers of IL-6 by the -174 G/C polymorphism, whereas losartan has a similar but less marked effect. The production of IL-6 in this setting is influenced by the -174 G/C polymorphism.     

Impact of the recommendations for the redefinition of myocardial infarction on diagnosis and prognosis in an unselected United Kingdom cohort with suspected cardiac chest pain

We prospectively and blindly assessed the diagnostic and prognostic impact of implementation of the European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology recommendations for redefinition of myocardial infarction (MI) in an unselected cohort of patients with suspected cardiac chest pain, with particular attention to prespecified clinical groups. All patients admitted to our institute with suspected cardiac chest pain were enrolled. Physicians provided usual care using serial electrocardiograms/creatine kinase (CK)/aspartate transaminase according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for MI, while blinded to additional measurements of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and CK-MB mass. After discharge, diagnoses based on WHO and new criteria were compared, and major adverse cardiac events monitored for 6 months. Implementation of the new recommendations classified an additional 26.1% of patients as having MI compared with WHO criteria, and produced an overall diagnostic alteration in 11.5%. Two thirds of the additional patients with MI were previously diagnosed with unstable angina, whereas one third had "other cardiac" or "noncardiac" diagnoses. A similar MI cohort to the cTnT diagnosis was identified using a CK-MB mass discriminator value of 5 microg/L, but not 10 microg/L. The 6-month prognosis was similar in patients diagnosed with MI by new (cTnT) and WHO criteria, with the new criteria thus identifying a further high-risk cohort in the WHO negative group. In our cohort, the new Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology recommendations identify one fourth more patients as having MI. The 6-month prognosis of those patients reclassified as having MI was similar to those diagnosed with MI by both criteria.