Spiro[imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3,2-indan]-2(3H)-one (ZSET1446/ST101) treatment rescues olfactory bulbectomy-induced memory impairment by activating Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II and protein kinase C in mouse hippocampus

Olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) in mice elicits impaired memory and cognitive functions. Here, we found that chronic oral administration of spiro[imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3,2-indan]-2(3H)-one (ZSET1446/ST101) (0.1-1 mg/kg/day), a novel cognitive enhancer, significantly improved memory deficits as assessed by Y-maze and novel object recognition tasks in OBX mice. Immunostaining of cholinergic neurons in the medial septum by using an anti-choline acetyltransferase antibody indicated that chronic ZSET1446 treatment did not rescue cholinergic neurons. However, chronic treatment significantly restored OBX-induced decreases both in calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation without improving decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in the hippocampal CA1 region. Consistent with enhanced CaMKII and PKC phosphorylation, ZSET1446 treatment improved glutamate receptor 1 (Ser-831) phosphorylation in the hippocampal CA1 region. ZSET1446 treatment also significantly rescued impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal CA1 region of OBX mice. Taken together, the cognition-enhancing effect of ZSET1446 is probably mediated in part by stimulation of CaMKII and PKC activities, which in turn rescue impaired hippocampal LTP in OBX mice.     

安徽省汉族人群HLA-A、-B、-C、-DRB1、-DQB1等位基因分布及单体型多态性研究

目的 研究安徽省汉族人群HLA-A、-B、-C、-DRB1、-DQB1等位基因和单体型频率分布特征.方法 PCR-测序分型技术(SBT)对3 169例随机无血缘关系的干细胞捐献者进行HLA-A、-B、-C、-DRB1、-DQB1基因分型,利用计数法、最大期望算法和PyPop软件计算等位基因频率、单体型频率和连锁不平衡参...     

养老机构养老护理员培训现状及需求调查分析

目的 了解养老机构养老护理员培训现状及其对培训方式和内容的需求情况,为提升养老护理员培训质量提供参考依据。方法 采用便利抽样法抽取养老机构中783名养老护理员,进行问卷调查。结果 持证和未持证的养老护理员在相关知识和技能得分的比较,除生活照料操作技能外,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);持证和未持证的养老护理员80%以上均有愿意参加培训,认同课堂讲授、以老带新和参观观摩的培训方式,希望由政府部门组织或在养老机构内,利用工作日的白天开展相关培训。在培训内容上,持证的养老护理员希望培训的内容是心理护理知识、人际关系与沟通知识、消防安全知识技能、生活照料操作技能;无证的养老护理员希望培训的内容是护理技术专业知识、老年人照护基础知识、心理护理知识、急救常识技能、服务礼仪个人防护知识。另外,持证和非持证的养老护理员支持按文化程度、职称、工作岗位进行分层次培训。结论 养老机构中,未持证的养老护理员相关知识和技能处于较低水平,应根据其需求增加培训机会,提高养老服务水平。     

基于偏最小二乘法分析猪牙皂不同组分对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 探讨猪牙皂对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的保护作用,及其药效部位。方法 实验分6组,即假手术组、模型组、尼莫地平组、皂苷组、皂苷+萃取物组、萃取物组。建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,进行大鼠神经功能评分,测量大鼠脑组织含水量,采用ELISA法检测大鼠脑缺血侧脑组织及血清中白介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)的含量和一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)、总超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性;最后借助偏最小二乘法和方差分析对比猪牙皂不同组分的作用。结果 与模型组比较,各给药组神经功能评分均下降,大鼠脑组织含水量、脑组织及血清中的IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、MDA、NO含量均降低,NOS活性被抑制,SOD活性显著增强。偏最小二乘法分析可得：皂苷4.5 mg·kg^-1对大鼠缺血性再灌注模型的保护作用强于皂苷+萃取物6.1 mg·kg^-1与萃取物1.6 mg·kg^-1。结论 猪牙皂皂苷对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠具有一定的治疗作用,其作用机制与抗炎、抗氧化应激作用有关。     

Assessing Youth-Appealing Content in Alcohol Advertisements: Application of a Content Appealing to Youth (CAY) Index

Underage drinking is a serious public health problem in the United States, and youth exposure to alcohol advertising has been indicated as a possible contributing factor. Although a number of studies have identified advertising content features that youth find appealing, a key limitation of this research is the absence of a broader tool to examine those features, especially those used by alcohol brands that are popular with underage drinkers. We created an index of content elements found in the research literature to be appealing to youth, and then used this index in a content analysis to identify the degree to which youth-appealing content appeared in a sample of alcohol ads that aired on television shows popular among youth. Finally, using bivariate analysis, we tested the relationship between alcohol brands’ use of this content and the popularity of those brands among youth. We found that many of the ads featured youth-appealing content, and that the ads for the alcohol brands most popular among youth had more youth-appealing content than the less popular brands.     

Mineral Malnutrition Following Bariatric Surgery

Moderate/severe obesity is on the rise in the United States. Weight management includes bariatric surgery, which is effective and can alleviate morbidity and mortality from obesity-associated diseases. However, many individuals are dealing with nutritional complications. Risk factors include: 1) preoperative malnutrition (e.g., vitamin D, iron); 2) decreased food intake (due to reduced hunger and increased satiety, food intolerances, frequent vomiting); 3) inadequate nutrient supplementation (due to poor compliance with multivitamin/multimineral regimen, insufficient amounts of vitamins and/or minerals in supplements); 4) nutrient malabsorption; and 5) inadequate nutritional support (due to lack of follow-up, insufficient monitoring, difficulty in recognizing symptoms of deficiency). For some nutrients (e.g., protein, vitamin B-12, vitamin D), malnutrition issues are reasonably addressed through patient education, routine monitoring, and effective treatment strategies. However, there is little attention paid to other nutrients (e.g., zinc, copper), which if left untreated may have devastating consequences (e.g., hair loss, poor immunity, anemia, defects in neuro-muscular function). This review focuses on malnutrition in essential minerals, including calcium (and vitamin D), iron, zinc, and copper, which commonly occur following popular bariatric procedures. There will be emphasis on the complexities, including confounding factors, related to screening, recognition of symptoms, and, when available, current recommendations for treatment. There is an exceptionally high risk of malnutrition in adolescents and pregnant women and their fetuses, who may be vulnerable to problems in growth and development. More research is required to inform evidence-based recommendations for improving nutritional status following bariatric surgery and optimizing weight loss, metabolic, and nutritional outcomes.     

Nano-engineered microcapsules boost the treatment of persistent pain

Persistent pain remains a major health issue: common treatments relying on either repeated local injections or systemic drug administration are prone to concomitant side-effects. It is thought that an alternative could be a multifunctional cargo system to deliver medicine to the target site and release it over a prolonged time window. We nano-engineered microcapsules equipped with adjustable cargo release properties and encapsulated the sodium-channel blocker QX-314 using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technology. First, we employed single-cell electrophysiology to establish in vitro that microcapsule application can dampen neuronal excitability in a controlled fashion. Secondly, we used two-photon excitation imaging to monitor and adjust long-lasting release of encapsulated cargo in target tissue in situ. Finally, we explored an established peripheral inflammation model in rodents to find that a single local injection of QX-314-containing microcapsules could provide robust pain relief lasting for over a week. This was accompanied by a recovery of the locomotive deficit and the amelioration of anxiety in animals with persistent inflammation. Post hoc immunohistology confirmed biodegradation of microcapsules over a period of several weeks. The overall remedial effect lasted 10–20 times longer than that of a single focal drug injection. It depended on the QX-314 encapsulation levels, involved TRPV1-channel-dependent cell permeability of QX-314, and showed no detectable side-effects. Our data suggest that nano-engineered encapsulation provides local drug delivery suitable for prolonged pain relief, which could be highly advantageous compared to existing treatments.     

A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In childhood, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by age-inappropriate levels of inattentiveness/disorganization, hyperactivity/impulsiveness, or a combination thereof. Although the criteria for ADHD are well defined, the long-term consequences in adults and children need to be more comprehensively understood and quantified. We conducted a systematic review evaluating the long-term outcomes (defined as 2 years or more) of ADHD with the goal of identifying long-term outcomes and the impact that any treatment (pharmacological, non-pharmacological, or multimodal) has on ADHD long-term outcomes. METHODS: Studies were identified using predefined search criteria and 12 databases. Studies included were peer-reviewed, primary studies of ADHD longterm outcomes published between January 1980 to December 2010. Inclusion was agreed on by two independent researchers on review of abstracts or full text. Published statistical comparison of outcome results were summarized as poorer than, similar to, or improved versus comparators, and quantified as percentage comparisons of these categories. RESULTS: Outcomes from 351 studies were grouped into 9 major categories: academic, antisocial behavior, driving, non-medicinal drug use/addictive behavior, obesity, occupation, services use, self-esteem, and social function outcomes. The following broad trends emerged: (1) without treatment, people with ADHD had poorer long-term outcomes in all categories compared with people without ADHD, and (2) treatment for ADHD improved long-term outcomes compared with untreated ADHD, although not usually to normal levels. Only English-language papers were searched and databases may have omitted relevant studies. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review provides a synthesis of studies of ADHD long-term outcomes. Current treatments may reduce the negative impact that untreated ADHD has on life functioning, but does not usually 'normalize' the recipients.