A four phase development model for integrated care services in the Netherlands

Background  

Multidisciplinary and interorganizational arrangements for the delivery of coherent integrated care are being developed in a large number of countries. Although there are many integrated care programs worldwide, the process of developing these programs and interorganizational collaboration is described in the literature only to a limited extent. The purpose of this study is to explore how local integrated care services are developed in the Netherlands, and to conceptualize and operationalize a development model of integrated care.     

人工髋关节材料改进及固定技术探索

目的:回顾人工髋关节从设计应用、改进历史,展望未来发展趋势,从材料学及临床应用方面阐述提高人工髋关节性能的重要性,为提高人工髋关节置换质量提供依据。方法:应用计算机检索Medline 1994-01/2006-12关于人工髋关节的文章。检索词“Artificial HipJoint”并限定文章的语言种类为English。同时利用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库1994-01/2006-12的相关文章,限定文章语言种类为中文,检索词“人工髋关节”。结果:人工髋关节从设计应用、改进、再应用已经经历了100余年历史,目前已成为一种效果非常肯定的治疗手段。虽然假体材料及临床技术渐趋成熟,但对材料改进及技术探索从未停止,近年,国外生物陶瓷材料被广泛研制、已应用于临床,硬质耐磨的钴铬钼合金关节假体在临床试用。人们仍在寻找更加理想的人工关节材料。结论:低磨损型人工髋关节是提高治疗质量的重要因素,临床技术的改进依赖于材料改进,需要多方向不断探索。     

内蒙古自治区"卫生部加强与促进结核病控制项目"实施情况分析

目的　分析项目实施 8年的情况。方法 根据项目实施细则建立规范的报告系统而获得信息。结果 项目占全区总县数的 31.7% ,人口覆盖率为 4 3.4 %。 8年共发现涂阳肺结核病人132 6 0例。涂阳病人治愈率 93.7% ,其中初治治愈率 94 .7% ,复治 88.3%。结论 卫生部项目实施 8年 ,对自治区结核病控制工作起到了促进作用。     

河南省肺结核流行趋势及病例发现方法分析

目的 以河南省第四次全国结核病流行病学抽样调查（流调）数据为依据，揭示河南省结核病疫情现状及变化趋势，并就病例发现方法进行分析。方法 应用痰检和X线、PPD等检查手段，从46个流调点的抽样人群中筛选活动性肺结核患。结果 活动性肺结核患病率497／10万，涂阳肺结核患病率132／10万，菌阳肺结核患病率为159／10万。与1990年流调结果相比，10年间涂阳患病率下降6.15%，年平均递降率仅为0.63%，下降极为缓慢。增加1次痰涂片检查，可提高6.6%的病例发现率。结论 河南省结核病疫情仍很严重，病例发现工作有待加强，加强肺结核可疑症状查痰有助于提高传染性肺结核患的发现率。     

Risk for latent and active tuberculosis in Germany

Purpose

Few individuals that are latently infected with M. tuberculosis latent tuberculosis infection(LTBI) progress to active disease. We investigated risk factors for LTBI and active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Germany.

Methods

Healthy household contacts (HHCs), health care workers (HCWs) exposed to M. tuberculosis and PTB patients were recruited at 18 German centres. Interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) testing was performed. LTBI risk factors were evaluated by comparing IGRA-positive with IGRA-negative contacts. Risk factors for tuberculosis were evaluated by comparing PTB patients with HHCs.

Results

From 2008–2014, 603 HHCs, 295 HCWs and 856 PTBs were recruited. LTBI was found in 34.5% of HHCs and in 38.9% of HCWs. In HCWs, care for coughing patients (p = 0.02) and longstanding nursing occupation (p = 0.04) were associated with LTBI. In HHCs, predictors for LTBI were a diseased partner (odds ratio 4.39), sexual contact to a diseased partner and substance dependency (all p < 0.001). PTB was associated with male sex, low body weight (p < 0.0001), alcoholism (15.0 vs 5.9%; p < 0.0001), glucocorticoid therapy (7.2 vs 2.0%; p = 0.004) and diabetes (7.8 vs. 4.0%; p = 0.04). No contact developed active tuberculosis within 2 years follow-up.

Conclusions

Positive IGRA responses are frequent among exposed HHCs and HCWs in Germany and are poor predictors for the development of active tuberculosis.

     

Prevalence of Tuberculin Skin Test Positivity in Clinical Population in New York City

The prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in the various populations of New York City (NYC), a city with a high density of non-US-born persons, is unknown. We examined the prevalence of TST positivity in patients who received a tuberculin skin test (TST) between 1/2002 and 8/2004 at any of 10 NYC health department chest centers. A positive TST was defined as an induration reaction to tuberculin of ≥10 mm. In the study population of 41,022 individuals, prevalence of TST positivity was 24.4% (95%CI = 24.0, 24.8); four times higher among non-US-born persons than US-born (39.5% vs. 8.8%, Prevalence ratio (PR) = 4.5; 95%CI = 4.4, 4.6). Prevalence of TST positivity increased with age in both US and non-US-born persons. Persons from countries with a TB case rate >100/100,000 population had higher prevalence of TST positivity (47% vs. ≤39%), even after controlling for BCG (PR = 1.3, 95%CI = 1.2, 1.4). These findings provide insight into current prevalence of TST positivity in many immigrant populations and will help both clinicians and health departments to target patients for LTBI treatment.     

Treatment Practices,Outcomes, and Costs of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis,United States, 2005–2007

To describe factors associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR), including extensively-drug-resistant (XDR), tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, we abstracted inpatient, laboratory, and public health clinic records of a sample of MDR TB patients reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from California, New York City, and Texas during 2005–2007. At initial diagnosis, MDR TB was detected in 94% of 130 MDR TB patients and XDR TB in 80% of 5 XDR TB patients. Mutually exclusive resistance was 4% XDR, 17% pre-XDR, 24% total first-line resistance, 43% isoniazid/rifampin/rifabutin-plus-other resistance, and 13% isoniazid/rifampin/rifabutin-only resistance. Nearly three-quarters of patients were hospitalized, 78% completed treatment, and 9% died during treatment. Direct costs, mostly covered by the public sector, averaged $134,000 per MDR TB and $430,000 per XDR TB patient; in comparison, estimated cost per non-MDR TB patient is $17,000. Drug resistance was extensive, care was complex, treatment completion rates were high, and treatment was expensive.     

Social determinants and risk factors for tuberculosis in national surveillance systems in Europe

Setting: National tuberculosis programmes (NTPs) of the 53 Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region.Objectives: To identify the social determinants and underlying risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) as routinely monitored by NTPs and to identify those feasible and appropriate to be included in the annual reporting to the joint European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) WHO reporting platform.Design: A semi-structured questionnaire sent to 53 national TB surveillance correspondents.Results: A total of 47 countries submitted questionnaires; most of the countries collect a number of social determinants and risk factors that are not requested for reporting to the Joint ECDC-WHO Reporting Platform. Occupation/employment, homelessness, diabetes mellitus and use of alcohol are collected by the majority of countries, but without standardised definitions.Conclusions: Four social determinants/risk factors are already included in the national TB surveillance systems of the majority of countries and could be incorporated in the annual reporting to the Joint ECDC/WHO Reporting Platform. Standardised epidemiological case definitions need to be adopted.