Extraction from ox retractor penis of an inhibitory substance which mimics its atropine-resistant neurogenic relaxation.

The inhibitory post-ganglionic transmission in the retractor penis of the ox resembles that of the dog and is not cholinergic or adrenergic. Acid extracts of this tissue have yielded an unidentified, labile, inhibitory substance which mimics the effect of its inhibitory nerves.     

Prediction equations for spirometric parameters in Mexican adult population

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to develop prediction equations for spirometric parameters that included the following: forced vital capacity (FVC); 1st-sec forced expiratory volume (FEV1); FEV1/FVC ratio; peak expiratory flow (PEF); maximal expiratory flow 50% FVC (VF50) and maximal expiratory flow 75% FVC (VF75); maximal mid-expiratory flow (FEF25-75), and forced late expiratory flow rate (FEF75-85) in a sample of adult Mexican population of both sexes. Age and height variables were utilized. METHODS: Spirometric studies were carried out, observing the international recommendations and norms in force and effected under basal conditions and post-bronchodilator. Linear regression equations were generated based on gender, age, and height. For each spirometric parameter, we selected a linear model. Studies were carried out with spirometry that was in agreement with quality criteria recommended by the American Thoracic Society (ATS). Bronchodilatator administration allowed for elimination of subjects with subclinical bronchial hyperreactivity RESULTS: We studied 436 patients with normal clinical radiographic and pulmonary function, with negative smoking and age range between 17 and 63 years; 206 were females and 230, males. Linear regression equations obtained had direct linear correlation with height and inverse linear correlation with age; in addition, equations had a determination coefficient equal to or less than those reported by authors recommended by the ATS. CONCLUSIONS: Equations obtained in this study possessed the quality required for application in adult Mexican population exposed or not to occupational and environmental contaminants.     

Integrating renal nutrition guidelines into daily family life: a qualitative exploration

Background

Renal dietary compliance is challenging for individuals with chronic renal disease. Advice may change depending on renal function and medical treatment. Although patients seek support from family members with these changes, no literature exists with respect to how family members experience the offering of this support. The present study aimed to describe and interpret this lived experience of family members.

Methodology

Phenomenological qualitative semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 12 adult family members via telephone (transcribed verbatim). Framework analysis and the qualitative software nvivo , version 10 (QSR International Pty Ltd, Melbourne, VIC, Australia) were used. Participants commented on the themes for accuracy of experience representation.

Results

Four major themes emerged: (i) intrusion of the renal diet; (ii) dealing with the recommendations of a renal diet; (iii) seeking a new identity; and (iv) transition of family dynamics. Perceived conflicting advice intruded into family life. Children in the family resulted in more complex nutritional decisions. Continuing a diet to avoid perceived family and wider social judgement was not an option. Balance between nurturing the family as a whole and the necessity of attending to the specific needs of one individual with renal disease was challenging. Transition to a new identity included family members being drawn to scientifically guided understandings of nutrition and a medicalisation of daily food requirements, which included low prioritisation of children's nutritional needs.

Conclusion

Family members who cooked found the integration of renal nutrition guidelines challenging, with children presenting further challenges. The present study highlights the need to offer practical and psychological support to families who are coping with end‐stage renal failure and renal nutritional guidelines.