上海市成年社区人群主要心电图异常的特点及其影响因素

目的评估上海市成年社区人群主要心电图异常(MA—ECG)患病率及其特点，并分析其主要影响因素。方法利用2007--2008年上海市20～74岁成人糖尿病及代谢综合征患病率横断面调查资料。调查内容包括人口学资料、相关病史、家族病史、体格和实验室检查。调查对象检查静息12导联心电图，采用明尼苏达标准编码，并依据PoolingProject方案分为MA．ECG和非MA—ECG。结果共5364(男性2003、女性3361)人纳入分析。(1)总人群MA．ECG标化患病率为7．3％，其中男性为7．0％，女性为7．7％。无论男女，年龄别MA．ECG患病率均随年龄增长而显著增加。男性青年、中年和老年人群的MA—ECG标化患病率依次为2．3％、7．7％和17．3％；女性青年、中年和老年人群的MA．ECG标化患病率依次为3．3％、8．8％和16．4％(趋势分析P值均<0．01)。(2)男性中MA．ECG常见类型为心律失常(28．8％)、束支传导阻滞(26．5％)和ST段压低(20．0％)；女性分别为sT段压低(44．6％)、心律失常(23．O％)和复合MA—ECG(11．8％)。(3)多因素调整的logistic回归分析表明，除年龄增加外，冠心病为男性MA—ECG的独立危险因素(OR=2．33～2．39)；女性中绝经(OR=1．72～1．85)、高血压(OR=1．33～1．34)分别为MA—ECG的独立危险因素。结论上海市成年社区人群MA—ECG患病率较高，心律失常和ST段压低是最常见类型，年龄增加、冠心病、女性绝经和高血压是MA．ECG的主要影响因素。     

在中国人群中应用糖化血红蛋白诊断糖尿病：横断面流行病学调查

目的评估糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）在中国人群中诊断糖尿病的效率,确定HbA1c在中国人群中诊断糖尿病的最佳切点。设计多级分层横断面调查。背景中国上海,2007-2008年。参与者4886例,年龄≥20岁,无明确糖尿病史。结局评估指标分析不同HbA1c切点判断糖尿病的效率。结果HbA1c和单纯空腹血糖判断糖尿病的受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）下面积分别为0．856（95％C10．828—0．883）和0．920（0．900～0．941）。在HbA1c切点处于6．3％（正常均值的2SD）时特异性较高（96．1％,95％CI95．5％-96．7％）,相应的敏感性为62．8％（57．1％-68．3％）,与单纯空腹血糖≥7．0mmol／L诊断糖尿病的敏感性相似（57．5％,95％CI51．7％-63．1％）。在糖尿病高危人群中,HbA1c切点处于6．3％的敏感性（66．9％,95％CI61．0％～72．5％）较空腹血糖≥7．0mmol／L（54．4％,95％CI48．3％-60．4％）及HbA1c≥65％（53．7％,95％CI47．6％一59．7％）相比显著升高（P〈0.01）。结论在中国人群中应用HbA1c≥6．3％切点检出未经诊断的糖尿病具有较高的特异性,其敏感性与单纯空腹血糖≥7．0mmol／L相似。该最佳切点在空腹血糖及OGTT不适用的情况下可作为中国成人糖尿病的诊断标准。     

上海社区糖尿病前期及糖尿病人群视网膜病变患病率及相关危险因素分析

Objective To determine the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) population in Shanghai Community. Methods DR screening after the epidemiologic study of metabolic syndrome in Huayang and Canyang Community , Shanghai was conducted among 1300 patients with DM or IGR during June 2005 and March 2006, Digital non-mydriatic fundus photography was performed for each eye in all subjects. Other factors, including diabetes related history, BMI, WHR, fasting plasma glucose, HbAlc, serum lipid and blood pressure were also assessed. 642 patients,312 males and 330 females, aged 65 ± 13, with complete data were enrolled into the analysis. Results The prevalence of DR was 19. 9% in the diabetic population, and the prevalence of mild, moderate, severe non-proliferative retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy was 12. 0%, 5. 1%, 2. 3% and 0. 5%, respectively; the prevalence of DR in IGR reached 8. 0%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that HbA1c level and diabetes duration were both independently associated with diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion The prevalence of DR was high in both DM and IGR population. Bad blood glucose control and long diabetes duration both increased occurrence of DR.     

2型糖尿病并发肾病及视网膜病变的遗传因素

糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)和糖尿病肾病(DN)是2型糖尿病(DM)患者最容易并发的两种微血管并发症，而且危害严重．糖尿病肾脏病变是糖尿病主要死亡原因之一，糖尿病视网膜病变是糖尿病患者致盲的首位原因。糖尿病视网膜病变和糖尿病肾病共同的病理基础都是微血管病变和微循环障碍，许多研究结果提示，二者的发生、发展具有相关性。流行病学资料和家系研究表明遗传因素在糖尿病肾病的发病中起着重要作用，遗传因素对糖尿病视网膜病变的发生也有重要影响。     

上海社区糖尿病前期及糖尿病人群视网膜病变患病率及相关危险因素分析

Objective To determine the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) population in Shanghai Community. Methods DR screening after the epidemiologic study of metabolic syndrome in Huayang and Canyang Community , Shanghai was conducted among 1300 patients with DM or IGR during June 2005 and March 2006, Digital non-mydriatic fundus photography was performed for each eye in all subjects. Other factors, including diabetes related history, BMI, WHR, fasting plasma glucose, HbAlc, serum lipid and blood pressure were also assessed. 642 patients,312 males and 330 females, aged 65 ± 13, with complete data were enrolled into the analysis. Results The prevalence of DR was 19. 9% in the diabetic population, and the prevalence of mild, moderate, severe non-proliferative retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy was 12. 0%, 5. 1%, 2. 3% and 0. 5%, respectively; the prevalence of DR in IGR reached 8. 0%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that HbA1c level and diabetes duration were both independently associated with diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion The prevalence of DR was high in both DM and IGR population. Bad blood glucose control and long diabetes duration both increased occurrence of DR.     

上海社区糖尿病前期及糖尿病人群视网膜病变患病率及相关危险因素分析

Objective To determine the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) population in Shanghai Community. Methods DR screening after the epidemiologic study of metabolic syndrome in Huayang and Canyang Community , Shanghai was conducted among 1300 patients with DM or IGR during June 2005 and March 2006, Digital non-mydriatic fundus photography was performed for each eye in all subjects. Other factors, including diabetes related history, BMI, WHR, fasting plasma glucose, HbAlc, serum lipid and blood pressure were also assessed. 642 patients,312 males and 330 females, aged 65 ± 13, with complete data were enrolled into the analysis. Results The prevalence of DR was 19. 9% in the diabetic population, and the prevalence of mild, moderate, severe non-proliferative retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy was 12. 0%, 5. 1%, 2. 3% and 0. 5%, respectively; the prevalence of DR in IGR reached 8. 0%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that HbA1c level and diabetes duration were both independently associated with diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion The prevalence of DR was high in both DM and IGR population. Bad blood glucose control and long diabetes duration both increased occurrence of DR.     

II型糖尿病血糖控制情况与合并肾病的关系

目的：探讨Ⅱ型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）病人的血糖控制情况对糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ）发生的影响。方法：对合并有ＤＮ及未合并有ＤＮ的ＮＩＤＤＭ患者进行配对病例对照研究,共１０６对。有用硫柳酸法测定２４ｈ尿中总蛋白含量根据患儿ＤＭ以来（对于已患ＤＮ的患者,至其发生ＤＮ前）,平均空腹血糖值（ＦＢＧ）是否〉１４０ｍｇ／ｄｌ来评估血糖控制情况。对资料进行条件ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析。结果：单因素结果显示：血糖控制情况与     

心电图在糖尿病合并心脏自主神经病变应用中的研究进展

心血管系统的活动受心脏自主神经系统的调控，正常人白天及立位活动时，心脏交感神经张力相对增加，心率加快，心肌收缩力增强，传导加速。夜间及平卧休息时，心脏副交感神经的活动占优势，从而引起与心脏交感神经兴奋相反生理效应的心脏活动，在糖尿病心血管自主神经病变患者中，支配心脏和血管的自主神经系统失衡，主要表现为夜间副交感神经活动失去主导地位，从而损害心脏的正常电生理活动，导致心率和血流动力学异常。     

成人迟发型自身免疫性糖尿病发病机制研究进展

成人迟发型自身免疫性糖尿病（LADA）是成人发病的缓慢进展的自身免疫性糖尿病,其起病特点与2型糖尿病（T2DM）相似,占我国新诊断T2DM患者的5．9％～9．2％。LADA的发病机制是近年来研究热点之一,在遗传易感基因、自身免疫反应以及环境因素等方面的研究取得了一定进展,发现非人类白细胞抗原基因（HLA）、细胞免疫和非特异性免疫反应等与LADA有关。深人研究LADA的发病机制有助于阐明LADA发病和临床特点,对疾病的早期预防和诊断、合理治疗以及探索新的治疗方法等均有积极作用。     

糖调节受损患者的临床特征及2年自然转归分析

目的评价糖调节受损(IGR)不同亚型患者的胰岛素分泌功能和胰岛素敏感性,考察2年后糖耐量状态的自然转归情况。方法对92例IGR患者完成为期2年的随访。基线和随访时均进行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)。以稳态模型(HOMA)法β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)和β细胞分泌功能指数(第一时相分泌功能指数BCF-Ⅰ和第二时相分泌功能指数BCF-Ⅱ)评价胰岛素分泌功能,以HOMA法胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)评价肝脏胰岛素敏感性,以胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)评价外周胰岛素敏感性。结果根据基线OGTT结果,92例IGR患者分为单纯空腹血糖受损组(I-IFG组,n=16)、单纯糖耐量受损组(I-IGT组,n=66)和混合糖调节受损组(CGI组,n=10),三组患者年龄、性别构成、超重和(或)肥胖者比例以及血压和血脂指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);基线时HOMA-IR从高到低依次为CGI组、I-IFG组和I-IGT组,ISI从低到高依次为CGI组、I-IGT组和I-IFG组,BCF-Ⅰ从低到高依次为I-IFG组、CGI组和I-IGT组,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在2年随访期内,20例IGR患者发展为糖尿病,累积发生率为21.7%。结论 IGT是IGR的主要表现形式。I-IFG人群的β细胞第一时相分泌功能受损最为明显;CGI人群的肝脏及外周胰岛素抵抗最为严重;I-IFG人群肝脏胰岛素抵抗较I-IGT人群严重,而外周胰岛素抵抗情况则相反。