核苷(酸)类似物抗病毒治疗对慢性乙型肝炎患者细胞免疫功能的影响

我国是乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染的高流行区,大样本的调查显示我国慢性HBV感染者高达1.2亿人之多.由于持续HBV感染及复制激发的免疫应答失调是慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)患者病情进展的根本原因,要阻止疾病进展,应进行有效的抗病毒治疗.核苷(酸)类似物是目前公认有效的抗HBV的药物之一,被广泛应用于临床,主要通过抑制DNA聚合酶的复制从而发挥抗HBV作用.其在有效抗病毒治疗的同时对机体细胞免疫功能有何影响.本文就近年来此方面的研究进展进行综述.     

Functional gastrointestinal disorders among adolescents with poor sleep: a school-based study in Shanghai, China

Purpose

This study aimed to determine whether functional gastrointestinal disorders are more common among adolescents with self-reported poor sleep.

Methods

Junior middle school and senior high school students (n?=?1,362) were recruited from schools in Shanghai. Students completed two questionnaires: the questionnaire for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in adolescents and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Results

The prevalence of poor sleep was 34.29% [95% confidence interval (CI)?=?31.77?C36.81] and there was no significant difference between genders (P?=?0.991). The tendency towards poor sleep increased with age, with age group yielding a significant effect (P?=?0.001). In junior middle school and senior high school students, the propensity towards poor sleep was 30.10% (95% CI?=?27.08?C33.12%) and 42.11% (95% CI?=?37.67?C46.55%), respectively. Among students with poor sleep, the prevalence of IBS was 19.70% (95% CI?=?16.09?C23.31). After adjusting for age, sex, night pain, and psychological factors, IBS was significantly more common in students with poor sleep (odds ratio?=?1.92; 95% CI?=?1.07?C2.58).

Conclusion

We conclude that IBS is prevalent in students with poor sleep. Poor sleep was independently associated with IBS among adolescents in Shanghai China.     

Multidisciplinary management of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a leading cause of death in patients with cirrhosis. Management algorithms continually are increasing in sophistication and involve application of single and multimodality treatments, including liver transplantation, hepatic resection, ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, radioembolization, and systemic chemotherapy. These treatments have been shown to increase survival times. As many as 75% of patients with limited-stage disease who are given curative therapies survive 5 years, whereas less than 20% of untreated patients survive 1 year. Treatment can be optimized based on the patient's tumor stage, hepatic reserve, and functional status. However, because of the heterogeneity in presentation among patients, a multidisciplinary approach is required to treat hepatocellular carcinoma, involving hepatologists, surgeons, interventional radiologists, and oncologists. We present each specialist's viewpoint on controversies and advances in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Cocaine and HIV-1 Interplay in CNS: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Although antiretrovirals are the mainstay of therapy against HIV infection, neurological complications associated with the virus continue to hamper quality of life of the infected individuals. Drugs of abuse in the infected individuals further fuel the epidemic. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that abuse of cocaine resulted in acceleration of HIV infection and the progression of NeuroAIDS. Cocaine has not only been shown to play a crucial role in promoting virus replication, but also has diverse but often deleterious effects on various cell types of the CNS. In the neuronal system, cocaine exposure results in neuronal toxicity and also potentiates gp120-induced neurotoxicity. In the astroglia and microglia, cocaine exposure leads to up-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. These in turn, can lead to neuroinflammation and transmission of toxic responses to the neurons. Additionally, cocaine exposure can also lead to leakiness of the blood-brain barrier that manifests as enhanced transmigraiton of leukocytes/monocytes into the CNS. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have provided valuable tools in exploring the role of cocaine in mediating HIV-associated neuropathogenesis. This review summarizes previous studies on the mechanism(s) underlying the interplay of cocaine and HIV as it relates to the CNS.     

Visual outcomes after small incision lenticule extraction and implantable collamer lens V4c for moderate myopia: 1-year results

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology - To compare 1-year visual outcomes after implantable collamer lens V4c (EVO-ICL) implantation and small incision lenticule...     

An ionic diode based on a spontaneously formed polypyrrole-modified graphene oxide membrane

Asymmetric membranes derived from the stacking of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets have attracted great attention for the fabrication of ionic diodes. Herein, we described an ionic diode based on a polypyrrole-modified GO membrane with a vertical asymmetry, which was achieved by a spontaneous oxidation polymerization of pyrrole monomers on one side of the GO membrane in vapor phase. This asymmetric modification resulted in an asymmetric geometry due to the occupation of the interlayer space of one side of the GO membrane by polypyrrole. Our ionic diode demonstrated an obvious ionic rectification behavior over a wide voltage range. A calculation based on Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations was used to theoretically investigate the role of asymmetric modification of polypyrrole.

We described an ionic diode based on polypyrrole-modified graphene oxide membrane, which was prepared by a spontaneous oxidation polymerization of pyrrole monomers.