综合实践教学模式的实施与护生综合能力的培养

目的在《护理学基础》教学中，运用整体护理思维，探讨课堂综合实践教学模式的实效性，以提高护生的职业素质和能力。方法随机确定实验班和对照班，对照班采取传统的实践教学模式授课，实验班采取小群体综合实践模式教学。结果实验班护生的规范操作能力、沟通能力和知识运用能力与对照班比较有显著提高。结论小群体综合实践教学模式对护生综合能力的培养具有实际意义。     

环境线索对戒断期海洛因依赖者神经电生理的影响

Objective To explore the changes of craving and neuro-electrophysiological reactions under the exposure of heroin-related cues in abstinent heroin dependents.Methods In this self-controlled study,382 abstinent heroin dependent patients watched video of heroin smoking and injecting situations,and in the meantime were exposed to herein simulacrum and apparatus after relaxation exercises.The neuroelectrophysiological reactions were mcagured with a multi-biofeedback instrument before and after the cue exposed.Self-reported craving was also assessed before and after cue exposed.Results The craving were increased[(18±22)mm vs.(29±29)mm,P＜0.01]after cue exposures compared to pre-exposure,EMG[(12±7)μN vs.(14±10)μV,P＜0.01]and SC[(6.8±4.3)μS vs.(7.4±4.3)μS,P＜0.01]also increased.But the percentages of δ,θ,α,SMR,low β,high β decreased compared to that under the cue exposures[8:(10.8±4.7)%vs.(9.7±4.4)%,P＜0.01;0:(6.8±2.0)%vs.(6.3±2.0)%,P＜0.01;α:(4.8±1.8)%vs.(4.5±1.7)%,P＜0.01;SMR:(3.0 ±1.2)%vs.(2.8±1.2)%,P＜0.01;low β:(2.6±1.1)%vs.(2.5±1.1)%,P＜0.01 and high β:(4.6 ±1.5)%vs.(4.5±1.5)%.P＜0.05].Conclusions The results indicate that drug-related cue induce heroin craving and electrophysiological reactions.     

The Application of Topical Anesthesia Combined with Subconjunctival Anesthesia for Glaucoma Surgery

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility, reliability and analgesia effect of topical anesthesia combined with subconjunctival anesthesia in anti-glaucomatous surgery.Methods: Two hundred and four cases (357 eyes) underwent anti-glaucomatous surgeries under topical anesthesia with 0.5％ Alcaine eye drops combined with subconjunctival anesthesia with 2％ Lidocaine. The analgesic effect was analysed with visual analogue pain scale.Results: Among all of 357 eyes, 62 eyes underwent peripheral iridectomy, 67 eyes underwent simple trabeculectomy, 167 eyes underwent compound brabeculectomy and 12 eyes nonpenetrating trabecular surgery. The effects of anesthesia were as follows: 304 eyes (85.2％) were painless (Grade Ⅰ), 50 eyes (14.0％) were slight painful (Grade Ⅱ), and 3 eyes (0.8％) were more painful (Grade Ⅲ) during surgery. And no severe complications were observed in all the cases during surgery and postoperatively. Amaurosis fugax was not observed in the glaucoma patients at the late stage with narrow vi     

Graves病介入栓塞治疗的病理研究

目的观察Graves病栓塞后的甲状腺组织动态病理变化。方法15例甲状腺动脉150 mm聚乙烯醇（PVA）微粒及平阳霉素栓塞治疗的Graves病患者,于术前、术后7天、3个月、6个月、1年、3年分别行甲状腺穿刺活检,共行44次穿刺活检,其中动脉栓塞术前15例、栓塞术后7天2例、3个月3例、6个月6例、1年5例次、3年13例次。结果栓塞后7天主要表现为凝固性坏死;栓塞后3-6个月表现为纤维组织增生变性和淋巴细胞浸润,滤泡灶性坏死为主;栓塞后1-3年主要表现为间质纤维组织增生明显和滤泡萎缩,部分散在增生滤泡被纤维间质分隔包裹,难以形成腺小叶结构,滤泡周围血管网减少。结论经甲状腺动脉栓塞治疗Graves病,甲状腺组织的病理变化是在栓塞后近期内主要表现为急性缺血坏死,然后表现为持续的慢性炎性破坏、滤泡萎缩、部分滤泡增生被明显增生的纤维组织分隔包裹的变化过程。提示微循环栓塞能肯定地破坏甲状腺组织,达到治疗Graves病较好的疗效。     

超声引导下VacoraTM旋切系统的实验研究

目的探讨VacoraTM真空辅助活检系统的准确性和安全性,为临床应用奠定基础。方法选用里脊肉和鱼丸作为实验材料,根据鱼丸大小将实验分为5组:0.5、0.8、1.0、1.5及2.0cm组,每组鱼丸3~5个。采用VacoraTM活检系统,先行灰阶超声扫查肌肉后将鱼丸置入肌肉中,超声扫查置入的鱼丸,同轴套管针在超声引导下插入鱼丸底部,在套管针引导和超声监视下行旋切真空抽吸术;旋切后取出采样腔内的组织标本,用超声检查肌肉内的残腔,确定无鱼丸残留声像图。结果每次旋切组织条比较完整,其大小为20.0mm×0.6mm,旋切次数随鱼丸大小的增加而增加;0.5、0.8、1.0、1.5及2.0cm组里脊肉内鱼丸全部切除的平均旋切次数分别为12、15、19、26和31。所用的平均时间分别为15、18、23、27和34min。结论VacoraTM真空辅助活检系统定位准确、取样完整、操作简便。可为良恶性病变的诊断提供足够量的病理检查标本,为良性病变的完全切除提供具有潜在价值的手段。     

Comparison of the effects of three different combinations of general anesthetics on the electroretinogram of dogs

The objective of this study is to compare the effects of three different anesthetic combinations on the electroretinogram in the same animals under similar laboratory conditions. Thiopental–isoflurane (TI), medetomidine–ketamine (MK), and xylazine–ketamine (XK) were used on each of 12 healthy miniature schnauzer dogs (MS) with a period of at least 3 weeks in between subsequent anesthesia protocols, using the Dog Standard Protocol. The scotopic ERGs consisted of scotopic low stimulus strength (S) responses designated S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5, at 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after dark adaptation, respectively, and scotopic standard stimulus strength (S-ST) responses. The photopic ERGs consisted of a photopic single flash (P) response and 31 Hz flicker (P-FL) responses. For S-ST (2.5 cd s/m²), the amplitude of the a-wave using TI was significantly lower than that using MK (adjusted P = 0.05) and XK (adjusted P = 0.03), and the implicit time of the a-wave was significantly shorter than that using MK (adjusted P = 0.04). For P (2.5 cd s/m²), the amplitude of the b-wave using XK was significantly higher than that using MK (adjusted P = 0.01). The implicit times of the b-wave using TI was significantly longer and shorter than that of MK for S1, S2 and P-FL and for S4 and S-ST, respectively, and than that of XK for S2 and P-FL and for S5 and S-ST, respectively. The results of the present study showed that TI affected both the amplitude and the implicit time of the a-wave for S-ST and the implicit time of the b-wave relatively more so than was the case when using XK or MK. Therefore, it appears that either XK or MK could be advantageous to use rather than TI for clinical studies.     

王成荣治疗子宫内膜异位症“火热致瘀”理论探讨

王成荣研究员长于以中医药诊治子宫内膜异位症（EMT），根据其临床经验认为“火热致瘀”是EMT的基本病因、病机，且火热与瘀血互为因果、恶性循环，致使EMT病程缠绵不愈、反复复发。王老据此提出“清热解毒、化瘀散结”的治疗法则，为治疗EMT开辟了另一思路和理论。     

两种单静脉法与传统Amplatzer法治疗动脉导管未闭

目的探讨两种单静脉入路法和动静脉双入路法治疗PDA各自的优缺点及最佳适应症,为PDA患者选择合理介入治疗方法提供依据。方法103例PDA患者经三种不同介入方法治疗,其中单静脉入路超声法37例,单静脉入路造影法14例,动静脉双入路法52例。PDA的位置、形态、大小经不同方法观察,单静脉超声法经超声观察,单静脉造影法在PDA内或降主动脉近PDA口外造影观察,动静脉双入路在主动脉弓降部侧位造影观察。选择合适型号的Amplatzer伞经股静脉建立的轨道进行封堵。术后15 min经胸超声及心脏听诊判断有无分流。术前、术后均行血流动力学测定,术后3 d、1个月复查超声心动图,观察大动脉水平有无分流及动脉导管未闭再通。结果103例患者全部一次封堵成功,技术成功率100%。术中操作平均透视时间(10.45±4.35)min,心导管检查测肺动脉收缩压由术前轻度增高[(33.2±3.11)mmHg]降为正常[(22.03±5.3)mmHg]。术后即刻所有患者心前区双期连续性杂音消失,术后无残余分流,无任何并发症发生,随访1个月未发生动脉水平分流及动脉导管再通。结论单静脉入路Amplatzer封堵器治疗动脉导管未闭简化了手术程序,不用或减少造影剂用量,缩短了操作透视时间,手术成功率高,疗效可靠,值得推广应用。     

术中即时扩张皮肤面积增加与压力和时间的量效关系

目的探讨术中即时扩张皮肤面积增加与压力、时间的量效关系。方法用6头小型猪，压力参数分别为15、20、25kPa，时间参数为60、90min，配对组成6个实验组，1个对照组，36个实验部位。在每只猪背部皮下均匀埋置100ml圆形扩张器6个，术中即时扩张皮肤，观察扩张皮肤各径线移位特点，计算面积变化。结果扩张区周边皮肤向中心蠕动和扩张器表面皮肤伸展同时存在。扩张皮肤面积扩大在一定范围内与压力、时间增加成正比，20kPa、60min组合增幅最大，此后增幅明显减少，并逐渐引发皮肤病理性改变。结论皮肤可在一定范围内通过术中即时扩张获得面积有效增加。     

绝经后骨质疏松症中药治疗研究文献的质量评价

目的 了解目前国内中药治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的临床治疗研究的现状。方法 对检索到的50篇有关中药治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的临床研究论文，按照牛津循证医学中心证据水平标准和临床试验的没计原则，从诊断标准、纳入和排除标准、组间基线可比性、随机、对照、双盲、统计学方法、疗效判断、疗程及药物的不良反应、随访等多个方面进行分析评价。结果 50篇相关文献中，按照牛津循证医学中心证据水平标准评价，推荐级别为B级的占44.0％，C级的占56.0％；证据水平为2b级的占40.0％，3b级的占4.0％，4级的占56.0％；随机对照试验文献占44.0％；临床对照试验文献占4.0％；采用随机双盲者占9.1％，随机单盲者占18.2％，说明组间基线可比的占31.8％，有诊断标准的占90.9％，有纳入和排除标准的占86.4％，说明统计方法的占52.4％，有客观疗效评价指标的占90.9％，说明药物不良反应的占9.1％。结论 有关中医药治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的临床研究论文日益增多，但随机对照试验比例偏低，研究设计及论文撰写水平有待进一步提高。