Postmenopausal HRT is not independent risk factor for dural sinus thrombosis

While a dural sinus thrombosis (DST), is a well-known consequence of the use of oral contraceptives, the role of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in DST was not previously evaluated. We report two postmenopausal women, presenting with DST under HRT. Antiphospholipid antibodies in one case and borderline protein S deficiency in another were diagnosed. Only five cases of DST under HRT were previously reported and in two of them additional prothrombotic risk factors were found. According to these and previous cases, HRT is not an independent risk factor for DST.     

广东汉族人群HLA-Cw多态性及单体型分析

目的检测广东汉族人群HLA．Cw及HLA-A、B、DRB1基因频率，分析该人群HLA-Cw等位基因多态性及其单体型特点。方法骨髓移植供者185例，抗凝血提取DNA，半量全自动PCR-RSSO分型检测HLA-A、B、Cw、DRB1基因型。结果在分辨水平检出Cw等位基因11个，其中分布频率较高的依次为：Cw*03(0．2580)、Cw*07(0．1887)、Cw*01(0．1732)、Cw*08(0．1070)。统计分析呈现显著连锁不平衡的HLA-Cw．A单体型7个，HLA-Cw-B单体型20个，HLA—Cw．DRB1单体型10个。结论广东汉族群体HLA-Cw基因具有较为丰富的多态性，其与HLA-A、B、DRB1间连锁不平衡单体型具有地区性遗传特征。     

Functional analysis of rabbit anti-peptide antibodies which mimic autoantibodies against the beta 1-adrenergic receptor in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

A synthetic peptide corresponding to the second extracellular loop of the beta 1-adrenergic receptor was used as an antigen for antibody production in three rabbits. Antibodies of high titers were obtained in all rabbits. Only one rabbit yielded antibodies which decreased radioligand binding on the receptor in a similar way to that described for autoantibodies in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. These antibodies recognized the receptor protein in immunoblots. Epitope mapping indicated that the N-terminal sequence of the loop used as antigen was the target of the major antigen fraction. Incubation of antibodies with C6 glioma cell membranes or inner membranes of E. coli, which express the human beta 1-adrenergic receptor, resulted in a decrease in number of radioligand binding sites. This decrease was dependent on the concentration of antibody and of Mg++ ions. It was not affected by the GTP analog GppNHp or the beta 1 subtype-specific antagonist metoprolol. The agonist, isoproterenol, also induced a decrease but the effects of antibody and agonist were not additive. These results suggest that the antibodies induce a Mg(++)-dependent, 'active', labile conformation of the receptor, independent from coupling to the GTP regulatory protein, but similar to that induced by the agonist isoproterenol. This interpretation was corroborated by the beta 1-adrenergic receptor agonist-like effect of the antibodies on cardiomyocytes in culture.     

Acquisition of a growth-inhibitory response to phorbol ester involves DNA damage.

TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), a potent tumor promoter, has been shown to stimulate or inhibit cell growth depending on the cell type investigated. We recently found that RT101 cells, a transformed mouse JB6 epidermal cell line, acquired a greater growth inhibition response to TPA during conventional subcultivation. The growth of low-passage RT101 cells was slightly inhibited by TPA in monolayer culture but stimulated in soft agar. In contrast, the growth of high-passage cells was greatly inhibited by TPA in both monolayer culture and in soft agar. Inhibition was dose dependent, directly correlated with protein kinase C-activating activities of tumor promoters, and was found to be reversible. TPA-treated high-passage cells were greatly reduced in volume, showed extensive abnormal mitoses, and were more susceptible to detachment. High-passage cells were also found to be less tumorigenic as indicated by in vivo tumorigenicity assay in nude mice. TPA treatment rendered cells still less tumorigenic in the case of both cell lines. The mechanism for acquisition of increased sensitivity to TPA of RT101 cells during subculture was investigated; it involved nonrandom DNA damage and detachment of nonviable cells. The results suggest the possibility that early-passage RT101 cells contained two subpopulations, one TPA-sensitive and one TPA-resistant population. Conventional subcultivation may have selected for the former subpopulation. The sensitive subpopulation may have been irreversibly inhibited as a result of TPA-induced cell killing, possibly apoptosis.     

Status and trend of HIV-1 infection and AIDS in Taiwan, December, 1991.

From May 1, 1985 to December 31, 1991, a total of 4,962,707 serum samples from 8 population groups in Taiwan were tested for anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (anti-HIV-1). In total, 256 samples were seropositive; of these individuals, 43 developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): 29 were homosexuals; 5 were hemophiliacs; 8 were heterosexuals and 1 was of unknown risk. Although the prevalence of HIV-1 infection and AIDS remains low compared with other countries, since 1988 the increase has been rapid. Before 1977 the majority were homosexuals and hemophiliacs; thereafter the risk groups diversified, with a trend away from homosexuals and hemophiliacs towards heterosexuals and intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs). A few patients have caused serious social problems for the public, health care workers and families. Active community efforts are needed to achieve future success in the control of HIV-1 infection and AIDS in Taiwan.     

Longitudinal decline in pulmonary function in atopic cough and cough variant asthma

OBJECTIVE: Cough variant asthma and atopic cough are different clinical manifestations of eosinophilic airway inflammation presenting with isolated chronic non-productive cough. The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal change in pulmonary function in cough variant asthma and atopic cough. METHODS: Longitudinal change in FEV1 was prospectively examined in 20 patients with cough variant asthma, 14 patients with atopic cough and 271 asymptomatic healthy subjects. All were lifetime non-smokers. Of the 20 cough variant asthma patients, 13 were taking long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy (ICS) (beclomethasone dipropionate 615 +/- 58 micro g/day) and the other seven were not. Spirometry was taken at first visit, after cough was almost completely relieved on therapy, and at least once every year for 5 or more years afterwards. RESULTS: The slope of longitudinal change in FEV1 was not significantly different among cough variant asthma patients (- 0.029 +/- 0.007/year), atopic cough patients (- 0.021 +/- 0.022/year) and asymptomatic subjects (- 0.028 +/- 0.002 L/year). In patients with cough variant asthma, the slope in patients not taking inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) was 0.032 +/- 0.007 L/year, which was not significantly different from that in patients taking ICS (- 0.027 +/- 0.010 L/year). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary function decline is not greater in cough variant asthma than atopic cough and the normal population, and long-term ICS has no effect on the decline in cough variant asthma.     

Low frequency of p53 gene mutation in tumors induced by aflatoxin B1 in nonhuman primates.

Aflatoxin B1 has been suggested as a causative agent for a G to T mutation at codon 249 in the p53 gene in human hepatocellular carcinomas from southern Africa and Qidong in China. To test this hypothesis, nine tumors induced by aflatoxin B1 in nonhuman primates were analyzed for mutations in the p53 gene. These included four hepatocellular carcinomas, two cholangiocarcinomas, a spindle cell carcinoma of the bile duct, a hemangioendothelial sarcoma of the liver, and an osteogenic sarcoma of the tibia. None of the tumors showed changes at the third position of codon 249 by cleavage analysis of the HaeIII enzyme site at codon 249. A point mutation was identified in one hepatocellular carcinoma at the second position of codon 175 (G to T transversion) by sequencing analysis of the four conserved domains (II to V) in the p53 gene. These data suggest that mutations in the p53 gene are not necessary in aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocarcinogenesis in nonhuman primates. The occurrence of mutation in codon 249 of the p53 gene in selective samples of human hepatocellular cancers may indicate involvement of environmental carcinogens other than aflatoxin B1 or that hepatitis B virus-related hepatitis is a prerequisite for aflatoxin B1 induction of G to T transversion in codon 249.     

Prognostic significance of the expression of ras oncogene product in non-small cell lung cancer.

The clinical significance of ras oncogene expression in non-small cell lung cancer was evaluated in 116 surgically treated patients. Archival paraffin sections of the tumors were analyzed immunohistochemically using anti-ras p21 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) rp-35, and p21 staining was correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and survival. Positive reactions (+ and ++) were observed in 72.5% of the adenocarcinomas and 55.6% of the squamous cell carcinomas studied. The T1 tumors showed a ++ reaction less frequently than T2 and T3 tumors (P less than 0.05). Stage I tumors also were less reactive with MoAb rp-35 than tumors in more advanced stages (P less than 0.05). Survival analysis showed that patients with p21-negative tumors had significantly longer survival times (a 5-year survival rate of 64.1%) than those with p21 + tumors (38.0%, P less than 0.05) or those with p21 ++ tumors (11.5%, P less than 0.005). The significant correlation between p21 staining and patient survival was independent of histologic type, stage of disease, tumor or node status, and the resectability of tumors. On Cox's multivariate analysis, p21 staining was a major and independent prognostic determinant of survival. These results suggest that enhanced ras p21 expression may be one of the important biologic and clinical markers indicating the malignant potential of non-small cell lung cancer.