Assessment of early alveolar particle clearance and macrophage function following an acute inhalation of sulfuric acid mist

Rabbits were exposed to submicrometer sulfuric acid mist at 1 mg/m3 for 1 hr to assess effects on alveolar region clearance of a polystyrene latex tracer aerosol. Bronchopulmonary lavage was performed at selected times after exposure for functional characterization of alveolar macrophages. In vivo, clearance was accelerated in acid exposed animals relative to sham controls. Acid exposure produced no change in the viability or numbers of macrophages recovered. Although an increase in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, primary neutrophils, was observed by 1 hr in both acid and sham groups, compared to nonexposed controls, levels were normal by 12 hr in shams but continued elevated in the acid group through 24 hr. Reduced in vitro macrophage adherence was observed after acid exposure. In vivo uptake of the tracer particles by macrophages was enhanced during the first 3 hr after acid exposure and in vitro phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes was increased through 48 hr post-exposure. The results indicate some functional alterations in free cells after in vivo exposure to H2SO4 and the production of a mild inflammatory response. This latter was associated with an acceleration of inert particle clearance from the alveolar region.     

Inhibitory effect of nifedipine on cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder contraction in man

A prospective study was performed on seven male and eight female patients with normal hepatobiliary findings to investigate the effect of 20 mg nifedipine on cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder contraction. Each patient received 1 IDU (Ivy dog unit) cholecystokinin per kg body weight intravenously on two consecutive days, with additional administration of 20 mg nifedipine sublingually on the second day. Gallbladder volumes were assessed by ultrasonography over a period of 25 minutes. Cholecystokinin induced a maximal reduction in the mean initial volume of 56.8 +/- 3.6%. After nifedipine, this volume change was significantly reduced to 30.9 +/- 5.1% (p less than 0.001). Thus our data suggest for the first time that the calcium-channel-blocking agent nifedipine can have an effect on human gallbladder kinetics.     

A review of the psychopharmacology of panic disorder: individual differences and non specific factors

This paper critically examines the pharmacological provocation and treatment of panic disorder. An analysis of research findings on how panic attacks are induced indicates that there are psychological and non specific factors that may mediate biochemical etiological models, and these individual differences need to be investigated further. This has important implications for the psychopharmacological management of panic. A review of studies on treating panic disorder with imipramine and alprazolam emphasizes the importance of several non specific factors that include the role of self-directed in vivo exposure and changes in dysphoria and self-efficacy (subjective beliefs regarding personal competency) in predicting outcome. It is recommended that any treatment of panic-related disorders include self-directed, in vivo exposure.     

Asymmetric space closure

In a vertically slotted 0.022 X 0.028 inch edgewise system, the use of a two-dimensional ribbon arch--0.022 X 0.016 inch from lateral incisor to lateral incisor and 0.016 X 0.022 inch from the canine to the molars--plus an uprighting spring on the canine maintained incisor position while unilaterally protracting a molar-premolar unit by means of sliding mechanics. Five degrees of labial crown torque was placed in the incisor portion of the wire and the uprighting spring exerted a force of 200 to 250 g. The intra-arch force applied to protract the molar--premolar unit was 300 to 350 g.     

Retrospective analysis of Naval Special Boards of Flight Surgeons, 1974-83

The Naval Special Board of Flight Surgeons was established in 1956 for the evaluation of Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard problem aeromedical cases. This paper examines a sample 248 of these cases for the period of 1974-83 with respect to the characteristics of those referred, their referral diagnostic category, and the recommendation of the Special Board regarding return to a flying status. Those cases with a referral diagnostic category of ENT and Ophthalmology were less likely to be returned to flight status. Older, more senior pilots, and pilots with more total flight time were less likely to be returned to unrestricted flying than were their younger, more junior, and less experienced counterparts. Otherwise, no significant difference in outcome based on age, rank, marital status, branch of service, specialty, or flight hours was detected. Overall, 61% of those evaluated by the SBFS were returned to flight status.     

Superficial bladder cancer: intravesical chemotherapy and tumour progression to muscle invasion or metastases

Of 299 patients who presented with superficial bladder cancer (Ta, T1), 60 were treated by intravesical chemotherapy (Epodyl, methotrexate or mitomycin C). The rate of tumour progression to muscle invasion or metastases was identical for each intravesical regime. There was no evidence that mitomycin C promoted tumour progression. Carcinoma in situ in non-tumour-bearing urothelium was the most significant predictive factor for progression to muscle invasion or metastases.     

A comprehensive clinical validation of the nuclear stethoscope

Five studies were conducted to examine the degree of variability to be expected during the use of the non-imaging nuclear probe (BIOS Inc.) under a variety of clinical conditions. Comparison of the ejection fraction (EF) readings between the nuclear probe and a gamma camera showed good agreement, with the nuclear probe tending to underestimate lower, and overestimate higher camera EF values [mean (S.D.) difference, 0.84% (6.06)]. A comparison of two nuclear probes showed a small mean (S.D.) difference of EF readings of 0.063% (2.26). EF readings obtained in normal subjects 6 weeks apart were reproducible and differed by a mean (S.D.) of 0.23% (4.42). The administration of placebo to 10 normal subjects followed by sequential measurements for 4 h produced EF changes large enough to mimic a clinical effect, the largest hourly change observed being 5.4%, indicating the need for strict placebo control in interventional experiments. Data on four patients with heart failure showed small non-significant EF changes in the 1 h after placebo administration but a wide intra-subject range of ejection time and time to peak filling measurements. This highlights the problem of accurate, reproducible cursor placement in such patients. The nuclear probe is a portable, low cost instrument which produces accurate EF measurements when compared with the gamma camera.