Using NHANES oral health examination protocols as part of an esophageal cancer screening study conducted in a high-risk region of China

Background

The oral health status of rural residents in the People's Republic of China has not been extensively studied and the relationship between poor oral health and esophageal cancer (EC) is unclear. We aim to report the oral health status of adults participating in an EC screening study conducted in a rural high-risk EC area of China and to explore the relationship between oral health and esophageal dysplasia.

Methods

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) oral health examination procedures and the Modified Gingival Index (MGI) were used in a clinical study designed to examine risk factors for esophageal cancer and to test a new esophageal cytology sampling device. This study was conducted in three rural villages in China with high rates of EC in 2002 and was a collaborative effort involving investigators from the National Institutes of Health and the Cancer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.

Results

Nearly 17% of the study participants aged 40–67 years old were edentulous. Overall, the mean number of adjusted missing teeth (including third molars and retained dental roots) was 13.8 and 35% had 7 contacts or less. Women were more likely to experience greater tooth loss than men. The average age at the time of first tooth loss for those with no posterior functional contacts was approximately 41 years for men and 36 years for women. The mean DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) score for the study population was 8.5. Older persons, females, and individuals having lower educational attainment had higher DMFT scores. The prevalence of periodontal disease (defined as at least one site with 3 mm of attachment loss and 4 mm of pocket depth) was 44.7%, and 36.7% of the study participants had at least one site with 6 mm or more of attachment loss. Results from a parsimonious multivariate model indicate that participants with poor oral health wemore likely to have esophageal dysplasia (OR = 1.59; 95% CI 1.06, 2.39).

Conclusion

This report describes the first use of NHANES oral health protocols employed in a clinical study conducted outside of the United States. The extent and severity of poor oral health in this Chinese study group may be an important health problem and contributing factor to the prevalence of EC.     

应用牵张成骨术整复腭裂骨质缺损的组织学研究

目的 :观察牵张成骨术整复腭裂过程中 ,新骨组织形成与改建活动的特点 ,探讨新骨生成的规律。方法 :家猫 14只为实验对象。其中 12只建立人工腭裂实验模型。实验组 (动物 10只 ) :以 0 .4mm× 2次 /d的速度与频率牵张整复腭裂缺损。于术后固定期 2、4、6、8及 12周 ,观察期结束前 6d ,各对 2只动物肌注四环素标记 ( 30mg/kg)。 6d后取标本 ,切片行荧光显微镜及组织学观察 ,并与实验对照组及空白对照组 (动物各2只 )结果对比。结果 :实验组标本牵张区新骨组织均为膜内成骨 ,由中央向外分为胶原纤维区、新骨形成区及改建成熟区 ;随时间发展 ,新生骨逐渐取代纤维组织并改建成熟。软组织也得到相应伸展。对照组裂隙无自行修复。结论 :应用牵张成骨术矫治腭裂骨质缺损 ,以原位产生新骨 ,增加骨量的方式推移骨运送盘封闭腭裂裂隙。在良好固定条件下 ,新骨形成与改建活跃 ,最终整复腭裂骨质缺损并适应功能需要     

Association between oral malodor and adult periodontitis: a review

BACKGROUND: Bad breath has a significant impact on our daily social life to those who suffer from it. The majority of bad breath originates within the oral cavity. However, it is also possible that it can come from other sources such as gastric-intestine imbalance. The term "oral malodor" is used to describe a foul or offensive odor emanating from the oral cavity, in which proteolysis, metabolic products of the desquamating cell, and bacterial putrefaction are involved. Recent evidence has demonstrated a link between oral malodor and adult periodontitis. The process of developing bad breath is similar to that noted in the progression of gingivitis/periodontitis. Oral malodor is mainly attributed to volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) such as hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide. The primary causative microbes are gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that are similar to the bacteria causing periodontitis. These bacteria produce the VSC by metabolizing different cells/tissues (i.e., epithelial cells, leukocytes, etc.) located in saliva, dental plaque, and gingival crevicular fluid. Tongue surface is composed of blood components, nutrients, large amounts of desquamated epithelial cells and bacteria, suggesting that it has the proteolytic and putrefactive capacity to produce VSC. One of the challenges in dealing with oral malodor is to identify a reliable test for detecting bad breath. AIMS: The purposes of this review article were: (1) to correlate the relationship between oral malodor and adult periodontitis; (2) to analyze current malodor tests and discuss available treatment regimens.     

The involvement of bradykinin in adrenaline-induced pulmonary edema in rats

We investigated the effect of endogenous bradykinin on adrenaline-induced pulmonary edema (PE) by blocking bradykinin receptors. In preliminary experiments, a bolus injection of adrenaline (ADR; 10 microg/kg) solution (10 microg/ml) was determined to be an edematogenic dose for inducing PE. The lung body weight index (LBI) and incidence of PE (IPE) were determined. The IPE and LBI of the group pretreated with Des-Arg9-[Leu8]-Bradykinin (DA-BK, 50 microg/kg, 50 microg/ml) increased significantly compared with those of the control group (p<0.05). On the other hand, there were no remarkable changes in IPE and LBI in the groups pretreated with Hoe140 (D-Arginyl-[Hyp3, Thi5, D-Tic7, Oic8]-Bradykinin (100 microg/kg, 100 microg/ml), captopril (20 mg/kg, 20 mg/ml) or L-NAME (1 mg/kg, 1 mg/ml). Moreover, the IPE and LBI of the group co-treated with L-NAME and DA-BK decreased compared with the DA-BK group (p<0.05). Thus, bradykinin aggravates adrenaline-induced PE through activation of the B2 receptor by the kallikreins as a result of the ADR administration, although the precise mechanism is not known.     

不同排牙方法对全口义齿咀嚼效能的影响

目的:探讨不同排牙法的全口义齿咀嚼效能的异同。方法:采用上颌排牙法、下颌排牙法和综合排牙法为10名无牙颌患者分别制作3副全口义齿。戴用3个月后,通过吸光度法测定咀嚼效率,比较不同排牙法的全口义齿咀嚼效能的异同,并与有牙颌进行对比。结果:在单侧咀嚼和双侧咀嚼2种咀嚼方式下,全口义齿患者的咀嚼次数和咀嚼效能均少于有牙颌组,本实验3组全口义齿在3个月后均发挥了良好的咀嚼效能。下颌排牙法和综合排牙法全口义齿的咀嚼次数和咀嚼效能无统计学差异,但均好于上颌排牙法全口义齿。结论:下颌排牙法和综合排牙法的全口义齿排列的人工牙能够减少在咀嚼过程中不利于全口义齿稳定因素的影响,提高咀嚼效能。     

Consensus conference on immediate loading: the single tooth and partial edentulous areas

PURPOSE: A consensus conference was held to determine what the parameters should be for the immediate functional loading of the single-tooth implant restoration and short-span fixed implant-supported bridgework. MATERIALS: Forty-one clinicians and researchers presented cases and situations relating to the topic. A panel then distilled questions that were presented to the audience (430) at large. Answers were gleaned to formulate a consensus. RESULTS: Ten distinct answers evolved that constituted the essence of guidelines for clinicians to be aware of when undertaking immediate loading. These guidelines are contained within the body of the text. CONCLUSIONS: Extreme caution and adherence to a universal generic protocol are suggested for clinicians who are involved with single-tooth and short-span multiple-teeth implant replacements as related to immediate loading as defined within this text.     

Simodont系统辅助照明条件对口腔临床技能训练的影响

目的探讨Simodont虚拟仿真系统中虚拟涡轮机机头的辅助光照对实际操作的影响，为口腔临床技能训练提供指导。 方法选取四川大学华西口腔医学院口腔医学专业本科生56人为研究对象，按随机数表法随机分为两组，实验组（虚拟仿真牙科训练机的涡轮机头的辅助灯处于打开状态）和对照组（虚拟仿真牙科训练机的涡轮机头的辅助灯处于关闭状态）的学生分别使用Simodont虚拟仿真系统在不同辅助光照情况下进行练习和考核，并在临床冷光灯条件下使用玻璃板模拟临床操作，采用t检验对比分析两组的得分。并通过问卷调查了解学生的使用体验。 结果不同辅助光照条件下，Simodont虚拟训练机操作总分（t = 1.342，P = 0.181）和临床冷光灯条件下玻璃板的操作结果（t = -0.585，P = 0.561）差异均无统计学意义；但Simodont总分构成项中"Leeway sides（洞缘偏差）"项有光组学生分数为5.38 ± 4.69，大于无光组分数（4.32 ± 2.92），差异有统计学意义（t = 2.252，P = 0.025）。 结论尚不能认为Simodont系统在有辅助灯的条件下可以影响医学生的培训效果，但在有辅助照明的情况下操作可能更容易误碰到规定区域边界的侧方。问卷结果显示，Simodont虚拟仿真系统是一种值得推广的教学模式。