Water permeability,hybrid layer long-term integrity and reaction mechanism of a two-step adhesive system

Objectives

Our aim was to investigate the reaction mechanism of formation of the hybrid layer by a HEMA-containing self-etch adhesive and to study fluid filtration, contact angle and interfacial ultrastructure by SEM following a 1 year ageing period.

Methods

Acidic behaviour and chemical interactions between Silorane System Adhesive and dentine were studied by potentiometric titrations, atomic absorption spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The hydrophilicity of the adhesive was evaluated using the sessile drop method and dentine permeability by hydraulic conductance. The morphological study of the dentine/adhesive system interface was conducted using SEM.

Results

The Silorane System Adhesive behaved as a multi-acid with several different pK_a values. When the adhesive was in contact with dentine, the acid was progressively consumed and calcium ions were released. The acrylate substituted phosphonate bound strongly to apatite crystals. The polyacrylic acid copolymer reacted with calcium ions and formed an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN). Water contact angle measurements showed rapid spreading on primer (angles reached 15° at 30 s) and larger contact angles when the Silorane bonding layer was added (from over 60° to 44°). A thick, homogeneous hybrid layer was observed both initially and after 1 year of ageing, with a corresponding hydraulic conductance of −48.50% initially and −52.07% at 12 months.

Conclusion

The Silorane System Adhesive is capable of both dissolving calcium ions and binding to apatite surfaces. The results showed the hydrophilicity of the adhesive, which formed an IPN-like hybrid layer that conserved adequate impermeability over a 1-year period.     

Molar Distalization with Different Pendulum Appliances: In Vitro Registration of Orthodontic Forces and Moments in the Initial Phase

Abstract. Aim: Registration of the orthodontic forces and moments acting with different types of pendulum appliance for non-compliance upper molar distalization in an in vitro study. Material and Methods: The purpose-designed test set-up comprised the following components: artificial maxilla with anchorage unit and two electrothermodynamic (ETD) molars, electronic measuring unit for temperature control and regulation, and a sensor unit with force-moment sensor, analog/digital converter and data readout unit. This set-up permitted virtually authentic simulation of in vivo conditions on the one hand and precise determination of the force systems on the other.The appliances investigated were the standard pendulum appliance with U-loop activation according to Hilgers and with uprighting activation according to Byloff, the M-pendulum with U-loop activation according to Scuzzo, and the Pendulum K with initial uprighting activation, toe-in bend and incorporated distal screw according to Kinzinger. Results and Conclusions: The effects shown by the standard pendulum appliance and the M-pendulum over a 3 mm simulated distalization increment were a marked decrease in the distally directed forces, and an increase in the intrusive and palatally directed forces as well as in the distoinclinatory, mesially inward, and palatally rotating moments.Activations in the U-loop region of the pendulum springs induced an increase in distally and buccally directed forces and in uprighting and buccally rotating moments as well as a marked rise in extrusive forces. Whereas the activation described by Hilgers led to mesially outward rotating moments, activation according to Scuzzo resulted in a further increase in the mesially inward rotating moments.In the measured standard pendulum appliances, uprighting activation at the end of the pendulum according to Byloff led to an increase in distally and buccally directed as well as in mildly intrusive forces, and to an increase in uprighting as well as in buccally and mesially outward rotating moments.With the Pendulum K according to Kinzinger, the initial toe-in bend and uprighting activation in the region of the end of the pendulum spring together with regular adjustment of the incorporated distal screw permitted virtually translatory molar distalization: constantly distalizing forces with slight intrusive, buccally directed, and rotating side effects.     

Validity of multislice computerized tomography for diagnosis of maxillofacial fractures using an independent workstation

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity of multislice computerized tomography (CT) for diagnosis of maxillofacial fractures following specific protocols using an independent workstation. STUDY DESIGN: The study population consisted of 56 patients with maxillofacial fractures who were submitted to a multislice CT. The original data were transferred to an independent workstation using volumetric imaging software to generate axial images and simultaneous multiplanar (MPR) and 3-dimensional (3D-CT) volume rendering reconstructed images. The images were then processed and interpreted by 2 examiners using the following protocols independently of each other: axial, MPR/axial, 3D-CT images, and the association of axial/MPR/3D images. The clinical/surgical findings were considered the gold standard corroborating the diagnosis of the fractures and their anatomic localization. The statistical analysis was carried out using validity and chi-squared tests. RESULTS: The association of axial/MPR/3D images indicated a higher sensitivity (range 95.8%) and specificity (range 99%) than the other methods regarding the analysis of all regions. CONCLUSION: CT imaging demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity for maxillofacial fractures. The association of axial/MPR/3D-CT images added important information in relationship to other CT protocols.     

Eruption of teeth associated with a dentigerous cyst by only marsupialization treatment: a case report

The purpose of this case report was to describe the management of a mandibular dentigerous cyst in a 10-year-old male patient. Without any clinical symptom, the lesion was detected in a routine panoramic radiograph showing a well-defined osteolytic lesion that measured 3 cm in diameter, partially surrounding the crown of the canine, first molar, and second premolar displacing the teeth to the mandible's lower border. The apex of the teeth were still open. Under local anesthesia, the patient was treated by: extraction of the left deciduous canine and first and second deciduous molars; and marsupialization of the cystic cavity. After 30 months, the premolar had erupted and an orthodontic therapy was started to maintain space for the canine.     

Evaluation of bond strength of various margin ceramics to a zirconia ceramic

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the bond strengths of four different margin ceramics based on fluoroapatite and feldspath to a zirconia ceramic. METHODS: Zirconia cores (Zirconzahn) (N=28, n=7/margin ceramic group) were fabricated according to the manufacturers' instructions (diameter: 4mm; thickness: 2mm) and ultrasonically cleaned. Four different margin ceramics (thickness: 5mm) (Cerabien Zr, Noritake; Ceramco PFZ, Ceramco; e.max, Ivoclar Vivadent and Triceram, Dentaurum) were vibrated and condensed in a stainless steel mould and fired onto their zirconia cores. After trying the specimens in the mould for minor adjustments, they were again ultrasonically cleaned and embedded in PMMA. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 1 week and shear bond strength (MPa+/-S.D.) tests were performed in a universal testing machine (crosshead speed: 0.5mm/min). Failure modes were recorded under SEM. RESULTS: Significant effect of margin ceramic types were found on the bond strength values (P<0.05). The mean bond strength values of Ceramco margin ceramic to zirconia was significantly lower (25.4+/-4.5MPa) (P<0.05) than those of Cerabien (31.6+/-6.4MPa), e.max (35.9+/-8.4MPa), and Triceram margin ceramic (38.8+/-7.1MPa) systems. CONCLUSIONS: Margin ceramics, compatible with zirconia framework material tested in the present study, exhibited high bond strength values. Variations in thermal expansion coefficients might influence their bond strength values.     

Physicochemical evaluation of silica-glass fiber reinforced polymers for prosthodontic applications

This investigation was designed to formulate silica-glass fiber reinforced polymeric materials. Fused silica-glass fibers were chosen for the study. They were heat-treated at various temperatures (500 degrees C, 800 degrees C and 1100 degrees C), silanized, sized and incorporated in two modified resin mixtures (A and B). The flexural properties in dry and wet conditions were tested and statistically analyzed, and the content of residual methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer, dimensional changes with temperature, water sorption and solubility were determined. Woven fibers [36.9% (wt/wt)], heat-treated at 500 degrees C, gave the highest strength values for the polymeric composites (an ultimate transverse strength of 200 Mpa and a flexural modulus of 10 GPa) compared with the fibers heat-treated at other temperatures. There was no statistically significant difference in the measured flexural properties between resins A and B regarding fiber treatment and water storage time. These fiber composites had a small quantity of residual MMA content [0.37 +/- 0.007% (wt/wt)] and very low water solubility, indicating good biocompatibility. It was suggested that silica-glass fibers could be used for reinforcement as a result of their anticipated good qualities in aqueous environments, such as the oral environment.     

Effect of five staining solutions on the colour stability of two acrylics and three composite resins based provisional restorations

The effect of coffee, tea, coca-cola, orange-juice and red wine on the colour stability of acrylic and composite based provisional materials were evaluated. Two acrylic resins and three composite resins were studied. 48 standardized specimens for each provisional material were prepared. Each group was divided into 6 subgroups. Specimens from each group were immersed in staining solutions at room temperature for 30 days. Red wine and tea caused the most significant colour changes and orange juice showed the least significant colour changes. deltaE of all of the provisional restorations materials was changed after the immersion in all of the staining solutions during the experimental process.     

Analysis of in situ proliferative activity in oral gingival epithelium in patients with xerostomia

BACKGROUND: Sj?gren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The relationship between xero-stomia and proliferative activity in human gingival epithelium is not known. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a nuclear protein associated with the cell cycle. Nuclear PCNA immunoreactivity is found in the proliferative compartment of normal tissues. The aims of this study were to evaluate PCNA expression in oral gingival epithelium of healthy and inflamed gingiva obtained from patients with Sj?gren's syndrome, and to compare the results to age- and gender-matched subjects with normal salivary function. METHODS: Eighteen Sj?gren's syndrome patients and 28 controls (14 with chronic periodontitis and 14 with no clinical evidence of periodontal disease) were included in the study. Biopsies were obtained from both inflamed and healthy gingiva. The expression of PCNA was evaluated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded gingival samples using an immunoperoxidase technique and PC10 monoclonal antibody to PCNA. RESULTS: PCNA expression was observed both in the basal and suprabasal layers, and was found to be more prominent in the suprabasal layers. Proliferative index (PI) in inflamed gingiva was significantly lower in the Sj?gren's syndrome group. However, no significant difference was observed between the study and control groups with respect to PI in healthy gingiva. In both groups, PI was found to be increased due to inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that proliferative activity is observed in the suprabasal layers and, less frequently, in the basal layer. Inflammation caused increased proliferative activity. However, this positive effect of inflammation on epithelial cell proliferation decreased significantly with a lack of saliva. Therefore, it appears that saliva-derived biological mediators may also contribute to increased proliferative activity observed during inflammation.     

Effects of repeated scaling and root planing and/or controlled oral hygiene on the periodontal attachment level and pocket depth in beagle dogs

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of initial and/or repeated subgingival scaling with or without controlled oral hygiene on the level of periodontal attachment and pocket depth in Beagle dogs. furthermore, the effect of repeated scaling on the progression of naturally developed periodontitis was to be determined. At baseline, and at 1,6,12,24 and 36 months clinical parameters for plaquen deposits (PII), calculus (CI), gingival health (GI) periodontal attachment from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and pocket depth were recorded by the same examiner. Eight healthy Beagles, 3 1/2–6 years of age with moderate naturally developed periodontal desease were divided into experimental and control animals. In the experimental group, 4 dogs received a thorough scaling and root planing at the start of the experiment. thereafter the experimental dogs were subjected to daily toothbrushing and a rubber cup and pumice prophylaxis every two weeks. The remaining 4 control dogs were not subjected to any oral hygience measures. Two quadrants diagonally opposed in each animal (experimentaal and control) were scaled and root planed every six months. In the experimental group a significant increase in attachment level was maintained throughout the study. Initial scaling followed by oral hygiene reduced pocket depth singificantly and pocket reduction was maintained over the three year period. Repeated scaling did not influence the mainternance of the attachment level or the reduction in pocket depth in the experimental group. The control animals continued to lose attachment and pocket depth increased during the study. Scaling every six months without oral hygience resulted in loss of attachment and increase in pocket depth, although the rate of attachment loss was retarded. It is concluded that following initial scaling conticuous removal of bacterial plaque is essential for the maintenance of periodontal attachment. In moderate periodontal disease the levels of attachments may be maintained without surgical therapy.