Membrane fusion of mumps virus with ghost erythrocytes and CV-1 cells.

The octadecyl rhodamine (R18) fluorescent dequenching assay was used to examine membrane fusion between mumps virus and mammalian cells. Rapid fluorescent dequenching, indicative of membrane fusion, was observed when labeled mumps virus was mixed with either ghost erythrocytes or CV-1 cells. After 15 min a saturation limit of 18 virus per erythrocyte ghost and 6400 virus per CV-1 cell was observed. Fetuin was found to inhibit virus fusion, suggesting a role for sialic acid in virus binding to the cells. Two dequenching processes were observed of which the faster process is thought to be membrane fusion and the second process is thought to be probe proximal transfer.     

Surgical bypass of the systemic atrioventricular valve in children by means of a valved conduit

The surgical approach to relief of mitral stenosis in children is still a controversial problem. We describe our experience with four severely symptomatic children in whom a valved conduit from the left atrium to the left ventricle was successfully used to bypass a hypoplastic systemic atrioventricular valve. A left atrial-left ventricular extracardiac conduit was implanted in these patients with a hypoplastic mitral anulus and an adequate left ventricular chamber. There were no early or late deaths. Postoperative cardiac catheterization performed in all patients 1 month after the operation showed reduced size of the left atrium, a reduction of the left atrial-left ventricular gradient from a mean of 14 mm Hg to a mean of 5 mm Hg, and an increase of the left atrial outlet from a mean diameter of 10.7 mm to 28.7 mm (including the diameter of the native mitral valve plus the internal diameter of the valved conduit). The application of this unconventional operation in children with congenital or acquired stenosis of the systemic atrioventricular valve should be considered when the mitral valve obstruction cannot be relieved by conventional valve repair or replacement. Furthermore, the left atrial-left ventricular conduit does not preclude future alternative surgical options.     

Nutritional status of the elderly in Naples

Nutritional status (anthropometry, food habits, thiamin and riboflavin status) has been evaluated in 136 (70 males and 66 females) free living healthy elderly individuals (age range 65-69 yrs) from the district of San Carlo Arena that can be considered representative of the sociocultural and economic level of the city of Naples. By assuming as reference values those of middle aged individuals, 50 percent of elderly men and 85 percent of elderly women showed different degree of excess body fat. As far as food habits are concerned legumes, vegetables and fruit daily intake was quite high whilst alcohol consumption was low. Furthermore milk and eggs intake was low and infrequent. Although prevalence of excess body weight was high, total daily energy intake was found to be equal or slightly above dietary recommendations for the elderly. Diet composition showed a high protein intake whilst CHO and fat intake was slightly below recommendations. Micronutrients' intake was insufficient for calcium in 10 percent of both males and females and for iron in 20 percent of men and 40 percent of women. Niacin intake was low in about 50 percent of both men and women. Thiamin nutritional status was found low in 20 percent of men and women and riboflavin status in 40 percent of men and 20 percent of women. In conclusion obesity and overweight are very frequent in an urbanized sample of free living healthy elderly individuals of Naples. On the other hand serum calcium and iron and some vitamin deficiency is not uncommon. The composition of the diet seems to be also poor in some micronutrients.     

The ultraviolet derivative spectrophotometric determination of neutral liposome-entrapped beta-lactam antibiotics

A simple, non-invasive spectrophotometric assay to measure the concentration of some beta-lactam antibiotics in turbid solutions containing liposomes was carried out. Since zero-order spectra gave strong interference because of sample turbidity, derivative spectrophotometry was used to enhance the spectral details. Derivative spectra showed bands in the ultraviolet region due to the presence of the cephalosporin and penicillin beta-lactams. A linear relationship between derivative amplitudes and antibiotic concentration was found when antibiotic-containing liposome solutions were measured. A saturative trend in the liposome-encapsulation was observed. The antibiotic entrapment was lowered by increasing the cholesterol-phospholipid ratio in the mixture used for liposome preparation. After treatment of antibiotic-loaded liposomes with beta-lactamase, a hydrolytic enzyme specific for beta-lactams, the remaining antibiotic concentration decreased significantly, showing that some of the antibiotic was retained on the outer surface of the vesicles.     

Validating screening instruments for neuroepidemiologic surveys: experience in Sicily. Sicilian Neuro-Epidemiologic Study (SNES) Group.

In a hospital setting in Sicily, we assessed a screening instrument developed for a prevalence survey of parkinsonism, peripheral neuropathies, stroke, and epilepsy. The subjects consisted of (1) hospital patients with any of the above-mentioned diseases, to investigate sensitivity; and (2) hospital visitors free of all these diseases, to investigate specificity. The standard for comparison was a clinical evaluation based on specified criteria. Trained interviewers administered the screening instrument, asking subjects to answer symptom questions and to perform simple physical tasks. For the questions and tasks together, the sensitivity estimates were 100% for parkinsonism (n = 21), 96% for peripheral neuropathies (n = 22), 96% for stroke (n = 22), and 96% for epilepsy (n = 22), while the specificity estimate was 86% (n = 21). Analogous estimates were computed for the set of questions, for the set of tasks, and for each question and task individually. Despite limitations in our approach, we concluded that the screening instrument would be adequate for its intended use.     

High serum levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐8 in severe asthma: markers of systemic inflammation?

BACKGROUND: Severe asthma is characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophilic inflammation in the airways. Blood cytokines, markers of 'systemic' inflammation, may be a feature of amplified inflammation in severe asthma. OBJECTIVE: To detect differences in IL-8, TNF-alpha, IL-16 and IL-13 levels in the serum(s) of stable severe and mild-moderate asthmatics related to blood leucocytes proportion, airway calibre and exhaled nitric oxide (NO) levels. METHODS: We assessed cytokine serum levels by ELISA and blood leucocyte counts by an alkaline peroxidase method in 20 healthy controls, 22 mild-moderate [forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)(%pred): 89+/-3] and 14 severe asthmatics [FEV1(%pred): 49+/-2]. RESULTS: IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels were higher in severe asthmatics than in mild-moderate asthmatics or in controls (P<0.05). No differences in IL-16 and IL-13 levels were detected. Severe asthmatics showed higher circulating neutrophil and eosinophil number than controls (P<0.05). In severe asthmatics, exhaled NO levels were superior than in controls (P<0.05), but inferior than in mild-moderate asthmatics (P<0.05). We found positive correlation between TNF-alpha levels and exhaled NO (r=0.67; P=0.01) or circulating neutrophil counts (r=0.57; P=0.03) in severe asthmatics. CONCLUSION: sTNF-alpha and sIL-8 are markers of 'systemic' inflammation in severe asthmatics, in conjunction with augmented circulating neutrophils, suggesting the involvement of neutrophil-derived cytokine pattern in severe asthma.     

基因芯片快速HLA-DR52组分型

目的 用基因芯片对HLA-DR52组快速分型。方法 根据中国汉族人群常见的HLA-DRB位点及其基因多态性的独特序列，设计特异性的寡核苷酸分型探针，制成寡核苷酸芯片。通过组间特异引物扩增基因组DNA，扩增中用荧光标记，扩增标记后的产物与芯片的探针杂交，通过杂交产生的荧光信号确定样品的基因亚型。83份样本分别用基因分型芯片和序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应技术(PCR-SSP)对HLA-DR52组分型。结果PCR-SSP分型DR52组57个位点中，经芯片分型有2个无DR52组位点，3个PCR-SSP分型为DR52组纯合子，芯片为DR52组杂合子，1个PCR-SSP分型为非DR52组纯合子，芯片分型为含有1个DR52组位点的杂合子。结论 基因芯片能对HLA-DR52组快速、准确的分型，比PCR-SSP能更多的检出DR52组位点，特别是能将纯合子进一步分型，适合临床应用。