Endogenous animal models of intracranial aneurysm development: a review

Neurosurgical Review - The pathogenesis and natural history of intracranial aneurysm (IA) remains poorly understood. To this end, animal models with induced cerebral vessel lesions mimicking human...     

Direct versus indirect transfer for traumatic brain injury to James Cook University Hospital: a retrospective study

IntroductionPatients with traumatic brain injury are referred to the neurosurgical unit at James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, either from local accident and emergency departments (direct transfer from the scene) or from other hospitals (indirect transfer). This study looked at the outcome in both groups.Material and methodsThis was a retrospective observational study using trauma audit research network data for patients treated for traumatic brain injury at the neurosurgery department at the neurosurgical unit at James Cook University Hospital.ResultsA total of 356 patients with traumatic brain injury were admitted under the care of neurosurgeons; 143 (40%) of these patients had a neurosurgical procedure. Of the patients undergoing a neurological procedure, 111 patients were transferred directly while 32 were indirect transfers; 213 patients were managed conservatively. Of those managed conservatively, 165 were transferred directly while 48 were indirect transfers.We compared the length of hospital stay and Glasgow Outcome Scale score for the patients based on whether they were conservatively managed or required surgery in the direct and indirect transfer groups. The difference in the length of stay in the surgical and conservative groups following direct and indirect transfer was insignificant (p = 0.07). The time to the operation in direct and indirect transfer was also not statistically significant (p = 0.06).ConclusionPatients are as safe, if not safer, by reaching the nearest trauma unit with facilities for resuscitation and imaging.     

The numbers game: a demographic profile of free India

India's population has grown since independence from 350 million in 1947 to 950 million in 1997 and will probably reach 1 billion by the year 2000. Projections made from the most recent census indicate that India will be the world's most populous country by 2040. According to World Bank projections, India's population will surpass 1.7 billion by 2097. India's leaders, allocating funds to industrialization, but not enough to health care and education, failed to understand the nature and consequences of high population growth. Rapid population growth in India has led to considerable unemployment among the working-age population, considerable population pressure upon renewable and nonrenewable resources, and a demand for basic facilities which surpasses their supply. The quality of life and the environment have been adversely affected. This paper considers how investments in social development led to the achievement of replacement level fertility in Kerala, Goa, and Tamil Nadu; the sex ratio; child survival; neglect of girls; the politics of population control; and the future.     

IMPACTED RIGHT UPPER CENTRAL INCISOR AND TRANSPOSITION OF TWO OTHER ANTERIOR TEETH ON THE SAME SIDE (A Case Report)

A young boy presented with an uncommon finding of impaction of upper right central incisor and transposition of canine and lateral incisor on the same side. Esthetic management of his cosmetic problem which included fixed appliance therapy followed by light cure restorations is discussed.KEY WORDS: Impaction, Transposition