STUDIES ON SOUTH AMERICAN YELLOW FEVER : III. TRANSMISSION OF THE VIRUS TO BRAZILIAN MONKEYS PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS

Yellow fever virus from M. rhesus has been inoculated into a South American monkey (Cebus macrocephalus) by blood injection and by bites of infected mosquitoes. The Cebus does not develop the clinical or pathological signs of yellow fever. Nevertheless, the virus persists in the Cebus for a time as shown by the typical symptoms and lesions which develop when the susceptible M. rhesus is inoculated from a Cebus by direct transfer of blood or by mosquito (A. aegypti) transmission.     

The effects of three related amides on microecosystem stability

Three related amides (diuron, 2-(octyloxy) acetanilide, and salicylanilide) were evaluated for toxicity to aquatic microcosm communities. Effects were measured at the ecosystem level using changes in pH, Eh (redox potential), and dissolved oxygen as indicators of toxicity. These values were used to calculate the resistance, resilience, and relative instability of the microecosystems to each compound at comparable dose levels of approximately 2500 micrograms/liter. Such measures have often been used in a theoretical context, but have not received wide practical application. The systems showed low resistance and no resilience to diuron, high resistance and low resilience to 2-(octyloxy) acetanilide, and no response to salicylanilide. At a higher exposure level (9800 micrograms/liter salicylanilide), the systems showed low resistance and high resilience. Both this approach and more traditional dose-response measures of toxicity indicated that diuron was clearly the most toxic compound, followed by 2-(octyloxy) acetanilide and salicylanilide. While microcosm toxicity tests were slightly less sensitive than some single species tests, they provided important additional information on the extent of perturbations and the rate of ecosystem recovery.