应用生理性成骨力值概念治疗骨折与骨不连——兼论MO现象与有效固定

治疗骨折与术后合并的骨不连,至今仍是骨创伤领域的难题之一。研究分析当前的学术思想,探索更接近骨愈合规律的理念与技术,是必然的学术趋势。1当前骨创伤理论与技术1.1AO从20世纪50年代起,AO组织提出解剖复位与骨块间坚强固定与加压的概念。50年间,由于伴随生物材料学的发展和内固定形式的进步,业已成为治疗骨折与骨不连的主要理论与方法,并取得了瞩目的成就,但同时也发现了存在并需继续探讨的若干问题。(1)偏心类的固定模式,如加压钢板,其疗效超越一般非加压性钢板。但同时也发现:①内固定期间,骨质萎缩,骨痂纹理凌乱或难觅骨痂;②钢板…     

Risk Factors for Non-Sentinel Lymph Node Metastases in Patients with Breast Cancer. The Outcome of a Multi-institutional Study

Background In this multi-institutional prospective study, we evaluated whether we could identify risk factors predictive for non-sentinel lymph node (non-SN) metastases in breast cancer patients with a positive sentinel lymph node (SN). Methods In this multi-institutional study, 541 eligible breast cancer patients were included prospectively. Results The occurrence of non-SN metastases was related to the size of the SN metastasis (P = .02), primary tumor size (P = .001), and lymphovascular invasion (P = .07). The adjusted odds ratio was 3.1 for SN micro-metastasis compared with SN isolated tumor cells, 4.0 for SN macro-metastasis versus SN isolated tumor cells, 3.1 for tumor size (>3.0 cm compared with ≤3.0 cm), and 2.0 for lymphovascular invasion (yes versus no). There were no positive non-SNs when the primary tumor size was ≤1.0 cm (n = 24) [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0%–14.0%]. The proportion of positive non-SNs ranged in a prognostic logistic regression model from 9.7% (95% CI 4.0%–23.0%) for patients with SN isolated tumor cells, tumor size of 1.1–3.0 cm, and without vessel invasion, to 72.6% (95% CI 47.0%–89.0%) for patients with SN macro-metastasis, tumor size >3.0 cm, and with vessel invasion. Conclusion We identified three predictive factors for non-SN metastases in breast cancer patients with a positive SN: size of the SN metastasis; primary tumor size; and vessel invasion. We were not able to identify a specific group of patients with a positive SN in whom the risk for non-SN metastases was less than 5%.     

自体骨髓单个核细胞移植治疗下肢慢性静脉溃疡的初步研究

目的探讨自体骨髓单个核细胞移植治疗下肢慢性静脉溃疡的疗效。方法 2009年5月-2010年9月,在采用大隐静脉剥脱术基础上,对17例下肢慢性静脉溃疡患者采用自体骨髓单个核细胞移植治疗(移植组),并与同期未采用细胞移植治疗的10例患者(对照组)比较疗效。移植组:男9例,女8例;年龄(33.3±6.1)岁。单纯大隐静脉曲张慢性溃疡11例,单纯深静脉瓣膜功能不全慢性溃疡6例。溃疡面积(4.39±2.46)cm2。病程3个月～6年。对照组:男4例,女6例;年龄(39.2±10.3)岁。单纯大隐静脉曲张慢性溃疡7例,单纯深静脉瓣膜功能不全慢性溃疡3例。溃疡面积(5.51±2.63)cm2。病程3个月～2年。两组按照临床病因解剖病理学分级(CEAP)均为C6级。两组患者一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),有可比性。观察术后溃疡愈合情况;移植组于术前及术后3 d分别切取溃疡面肉芽组织行常规HE染色,免疫组织化学染色观察VEGF表达和微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)。结果移植组患者溃疡愈合较快,其中15例愈合,1例好转,1例未愈合,中位愈合时间为22 d,四分位数间距为15 d;对照组溃疡愈合缓慢,其中7例愈合,3例未愈合,中位愈合时间57.5 d,四分位数间距为40 d。两组溃疡愈合时间比较差异有统计学意义(Z=0.001 4,P=0.002 7)。移植组HE染色显示,细胞移植后溃疡肉芽组织有丰富毛细血管结构;免疫组织化学染色示移植后MVD为(32.1±12.8)个,较移植前(22.1±6.7)个显著增加,差异有统计学意义(t=3.120,P=0.008);移植后VEGF表达阳性细胞百分比为8.05%±5.10%,较移植前(6.13%±4.20%)升高,但差异无统计学意义(t=1.150,P=0.268)。结论自体骨髓单个核细胞移植可以促进下肢慢性静脉溃疡肉芽组织增生,加速溃疡愈合。     

髋臼骨折ABC损伤变数定位系统的设计与1122例多中心研究分析

目的：设计髋臼骨折ABC损伤变数定位系统并通过1122例髋臼骨折多中心分析研究,探索该系统的可行性与临床实用价值。方法：根据髋臼三柱壁概念,参考髋臼骨折多米诺骨牌效应所致的骨盆环损伤方向和股骨近端关节损伤程度,设A类为髋臼任何一柱、壁骨折;B类为任何二柱、壁骨折;C类为髋臼前、中（臼顶）、后柱/壁混合骨折。小写英文字母a、m、p,分别代表前、中、后柱/壁骨折。采取损伤变数分型：髋臼损伤变数,1系简单移位骨折;2系粉碎骨折;3系压缩性缺损。盆环损伤变数：α系骶髂关节/骶髂处骨折呈水平位分离变位;β系前者垂直方向分离变位;γ系耻骨联合分离/耻骨上、下支骨折变位;δ系αβγ综合性的浮动损伤。股近端关节损伤变数：Ⅰ系股骨头骨折;Ⅱ系股骨颈骨折;Ⅲ系股骨转子部骨折;Ⅳ系Ⅰ～Ⅲ混合性骨折。应用上述构成的髋臼骨折ABC损伤变数定位系统,统计1997年3月至2010年2月,1122例髋臼骨折,其中18例双侧髋臼骨折,共1140例髋。分析研究骨盆前后位片,髂骨、闭孔斜位片及2/3DCT资料。结果：1140例组别各损伤变数构成比：A类骨折237例（20.8%）,B类骨折605例（53.1%）,C类骨折298例（26.1%）。涉及前柱壁骨折808例,发生率为70.9%,中柱壁骨折507例,发生率为44.5%,后柱壁骨折1026例,发生率为90%。涉及髋臼变数1,即简单移位骨折203例（17.8%）;变数2,即粉碎性骨折516例（45.3%）;变数3,即压缩性骨折缺损421例（36.9%）;涉及骨盆环损伤249例,占总数21.8%;涉及股骨近端骨折75例,占总数的6.6%;双侧髋臼骨折与相关盆环、股骨近端变数组18例（1.6%）。1140例髋臼骨折之关键部位与疗效要素：涉及髋臼中（臼顶）柱/壁骨折507例（44.5%）;压缩性缺损421例（36.9%）;盆环变数249例（21.8%）;股近端关节变数75例（6.6%）;而相对简单的Aa/p1/2、Bap1/2型髋臼骨折486例（42.6%）。结论：研究表明髋臼损伤变数中粉碎压缩,尤其是压缩缺损骨折占重要比重,同时彰显了髋臼骨折合并骨盆环或股骨近端损伤变数并非少见。该研究揭示了髋臼骨折损伤变数之间的相互关系,其百分比表明了临床治疗的重点和要素：负重之臼顶44.5%;压缩之缺损36.9%;盆环之浮动21.8%;＂头-臼＂之双折6.6%。该系统在伤情评估、解剖定位、难度指数、选择对策、手术入路、疗效预后等方面,起到临床指导作用,创建了同类型骨折损伤变数的比较,为＂同质语言＂的交流,探索了新的途径。     

手术室护士手卫生知信行现状调查分析

目的了解手术室护士对手卫生的认知、信念与行为,为改进手术室护士的手卫生状况提供依据。方法自行设计手术室护士手卫生认知、信念与行为问卷,对70名手术室护士进行相关调查。同时现场观察护士的手卫生行为。结果 65.71%的护士熟悉洗手指征,只有20.0%的护士认为能在手卫生方面做同事的表率;97.14%的护士有信心提高手卫生的依从性;31.43%的护士接触患者后能积极洗手或使用快速手消毒剂。在现场调查中高风险的行为手卫生依从性高(86.36%),不同操作风险护士洗手率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论护士对手卫生信念较高,但认知与行为欠缺。应加强手卫生知识培训,督促指导护士的洗手行为,保障患者安全。     

内固定和人工关节置换治疗高龄不稳定性股骨转子间骨折疗效比较

目的：比较内固定和人工关节置换在高龄不稳定性股骨转子间骨折治疗中的疗效。方法：75岁以上患者97例,分别采用内固定（DHS、DCS、PFN）和人工关节置换术治疗,对其术后半年、1年和3年疗效分别进行比较。结果：术后半年、1年人工关节置换组疗效优于内固定组,术后3年两组疗效无显著性差异。结论：人工关节置换术对于高龄股骨转子间骨折的治疗,尤其是存在严重骨质疏松、骨折粉碎难以内固定者,具有一定优势。     

Percutaneous K-wire fixation versus palmar plating with locking screws for Colles' fractures

Different methods exist to treat distal radius fractures. A prospective randomized study was conducted to establish whether palmar plate fixation with locking screws gave better results than percutaneous K-wire fixation in patients over 50 years of age. Only fractures with dorsal displacement after a simple fall were included in the study. Twenty wrists were treated with K-wires and 20 with a plate. Radiological parameters were measured on preoperative radiographs and at five weeks postoperatively. Clinical results and DASH scores were determined at three months postoperatively and at more than one year. No significant difference in radial inclination, palmar tilt, clinical outcome and DASH score was found between plating and K-wires, but the mean difference in ulnar variance between pre- and postoperative radiographs was significantly better with plates. It can be concluded that plates were superior to K-wires in restoring ulnar variance, but functional outcome was similar with both techniques.     

氯胺酮-咪唑安定对感染性休克大鼠心肌HSP70表达的影响

目的 探讨氯胺酮（KTM）-咪唑安定（M）在感染性休克中的心肌保护作用及可能的作用机制。方法 选择健康成年SD大鼠112只,随机分入对照组（NS组、E组）和试验组（EM组、EK组、EKM组）。NS组为正常对照组,E组给予LPS 20mg/kg ip,EK组、EKM组、EM组在同E组处理前分别给予KTM 80mg/kg ip,KTM 80mg/kg M 0.5mg/kg ip,M 0.5mg/kg ip,1h后追加半剂。在LPS处理2h后及E组大鼠临终时取心肌用免疫组化方法测HSP70的表达,并观察各组大鼠存活时间。结果 E组HSP70表达强于NS组,EK、EKM组HSP70 表达强于E组,存活率也高于E组,且随时间延长HSP 70表达呈增强趋势;E组、EM组和HSP 70表达及存活率无明显差异。结论 氯胺酮可增强感染性休克时大鼠心肌HSP 70的表达,可能是氨胺酮保护感染心肌的机制之一;咪唑安定-氯胺酮复合应用不影响氨胺酮保护感染心肌的作用。     

腹主动脉瘤并下腔静脉瘘（1例报告并文献复习）

目的 探讨腹主动脉瘤并下腔静脉瘘的诊断与治疗方法。方法 对1例因腹主动脉瘤并下腔静脉瘘的临床资料结合文献进行回顾性分析。结果 本例为65岁的男性患者,予以施行下腔静脉瘘修补、腹主动脉瘤切除、人工血管腹主动脉、双侧股总动脉移植术术毕,患者腹壁怒张血管消失;术后第4d,患者双下肢、臀部、阴囊水肿消退,下肢血运良好;术后17d痊愈出院。结论 CT增强扫描对腹主动脉瘤并下腔静脉瘘有较高的诊断价值。由于腹主动脉瘤破裂可引起致死性的大出血,因此,腹主动脉瘤一经诊断,如无特殊情况,应及时施行手术或介入治疗。     

Role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the macula densa.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that macula densa nitric oxide (NO) inhibits tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). However, TGF response is not altered in mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) (-/-). Furthermore, nNOS expression in the macula densa is inversely related to salt intake, yet micropuncture studies have shown that NOS inhibition potentiates TGF in rats on high sodium intake but not in rats on a low-salt diet. These inconsistencies may be due to confounding systemic factors, such as changes in circulating renin. To further clarify the role of macula densa nNOS in TGF response, independent of systemic factors, we tested the hypothesis that (1) TGF response is inversely related to sodium intake, and (2) during low sodium intake, NO produced by macula densa nNOS tonically controls the basal diameter of the afferent arteriole (Af-Art). METHODS: Af-Arts and attached macula densas were simultaneously microperfused in vitro. TGF response was determined by measuring Af-Art diameter before and after increasing NaCl in the macula densa perfusate. TGF response was studied in wild-type (+/+) and nNOS knockout mice (-/-), as well as in juxtaglomerular apparatuses (JGAs) from rabbits fed a low-, normal-, or high-NaCl diet. RESULTS: TGF responses were similar in nNOS +/+ and -/- mice. However, in nNOS +/+ mice, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) perfused into the macula densa significantly potentiated the TGF response (P = 0.001), while in nNOS -/- mice, this potentiation was absent. In rabbits on three different sodium diets, TGF responses were similar and were potentiated equally by 7-NI. However, in JGAs from rabbits on a low-NaCl diet, adding 7-NI to the macula densa while perfusing it with low-NaCl fluid caused Af-Art vasoconstriction, decreasing the diameter by 14% (from 21.7 +/- 1.3 to 18.6 +/- 1.5 microm; P < 0.001). This effect was not observed in JGAs from rabbits fed a normal- (19.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 19.3 +/- 0.8 microm after 7-NI) or high-NaCl diet (18.6 +/- 0.7 vs. 18.4 +/- 0.7 microm). CONCLUSIONS: First, in this in vitro preparation, chronic changes in macula densa nNOS do not play a major role in the regulation of TGF. Compensatory mechanisms may develop during chronic alteration of nNOS that keep TGF relatively constant. Second, nNOS regulates TGF response acutely. Third, the results obtained in the +/+ and -/- mice also confirm that the effect of 7-NI is due to inhibition of macula densa nNOS. Finally, during low sodium intake (without induction of TGF), the regulation of basal Af-Art resistance by macula densa nNOS suggests that NO in the macula densa helps maintain renal blood flow during the high renin secretion caused by low sodium intake.