应用QQC活动提高儿科静脉穿刺成功率

目的提高静脉穿刺成功率，减少患儿因反复穿刺造成的痛苦及恐惧，减轻家长因担心穿刺困难而产生的焦虑，提高治疗和抢救的效率。方法详细介绍了QQC活动在提高儿科静脉穿刺成功率的应用，包括找出目前存在的问题，确定目标、采用流程图的方法分析问题存在的原因，制定相应的质量改进方案，并测量实施结果。结果实施QQC活动后静脉穿刺成功率比实施前明显提高。结论有效的QQC活动可以提高静脉穿刺成功率。     

医学技术的进步与传统医学伦理的矛盾

此文全面论述了先进医学技术给传统医学伦理的医患关系模式、医生义务论、生命认识论、资源分配论等诸多方面带来的巨大冲击,并由此提出先进医学技术发展应遵循的伦理规则。     

Gastro-oesophageal and bile reflux--simultaneous quantitative assessment with gastric and gallbladder emptying evaluation: clinical applicability of a new computerized gammagraphic method.

The aim of this study was to develop a new computerized gammagraphic method to evaluate gastrooesophageal (GER), bileo-oesophageal (BER) and bileogastric reflux (BGR) simultaneously with gastric and gallbladder emptying: a long duration (60 min) and a dual energy detection (113Inm-sulphur colloid and 99Tcm-HIDA) test of the different refluxes during slow gastric emptying of an enteric feeding liquid meal. Forty patients with oesophagitis and 18 normal volunteers were evaluated. Good reproducibility of all the quantified parameters was found with r Spearman between 0.75 (P < 0.05) and 1.0 (P < 0.001). Patients with oesophagitis have a tendency for slower gastric emptying patterns (gastric emptying T1/2, GT1/2 P < 0.05). The calculated specificity for gallbladder emptying parameters was 77.8% for the gallbladder T1/2 BT1/2) and 94.4% for gallbladder residue at 60 min (BR60). The calculated accuracy for the GER index was 90%. The predictability for positive values was 95%, owing to a 90% sensitivity and 89% specificity. The predictability for negative values was 80%. The mean GER index in oesophagitis was greater than in controls (P < 0.001). The calculated specificity for BGR was 94.4% and reflux was detected in 12 out of 40 patients. The calculated specificity for BER was 83.3% for a '+' index and 94.4% for a '++' BER index. In 14 patients a positive BER index has been determined ('+' in three and '++' in 11 cases).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

剥脱性半月板损伤的临床总结--20例临床病例分析

目的分析半月板的损伤的诊疗情况.方法回顾性研究1989～2003年20例剥脱性半月板损伤的临床表现、诊断治疗情况.结果2例行保守治疗,3例行手术修补,15例行切除治疗.结论内侧半月板常为部分剥脱损伤可以保守治疗,外侧半月板多为完全性剥脱损伤,部分剥脱者可行修复治疗,完全性剥脱损伤者可行全切手术治疗.最佳处理方式是精确诊断、及时治疗,根据损伤的具体情况可采用保守治疗,若需手术应尽可能的实施非切除处理.     

雌激素受体亚型与多囊卵巢综合征

雌激素受体有两种亚型,即雌激素受体α和β,这两种亚型具有几乎相同的DNA结合区与较类似的配体结合区,但在不同的组织、器官中的分布和表达不一,与配体结合后的生物学效应也不尽相同,从而产生不同的生理和病理作用。研究发现,雌激素受体α和β亚型在生殖系统中的表达和比例异常可能与多囊卵巢综合征生殖功能障碍及生殖系统疾病相关。就雌激素受体α及β亚型的结构、功能、作用机制及其在多囊卵巢综合征中的异常表达做简要综述。     

乳腺病变X线立体定位钢丝置入移位的分析

目的分析乳腺立体定位下钢丝置入移位的表现、原因、处理方法，提高术前定位的准确性。方法行立体定位置入钢丝患者79例，96个病变，发生钢丝移位13例。结果立体定位中发生钢丝移位5例，原因分别来自于患者和操作医师；立体定位完成后钢丝移位5例，原因是局麻注射药物过多，导致乳腺Z轴的深度与计算机提示的实际深度不符合、放置定位针的方法不正确、拔出钢丝外套针套时疏忽钢丝是否已锚定病变。处理方法：可按照钢丝提示位置向病变方向移位2cm以内进行手术，重新放置第2根钢丝，将双J型钢丝收入针套并取出体外，重新定位。手术中钢丝脱出2例，因术后过分提拉钢丝所致，放射科医师放置钢丝后应向外科医师准确描述深度、方向，并从距离钢丝头端距离皮肤最近处取切口手术。术后标本未见钙化1例，与钙化位于手术电刀破坏的腺体内有关，可扩大范围切除并短期复查，证实钙化是否完整切除。结论正确认识乳腺X线立体定位下钢丝移位的表现，熟练掌握其处理方法，可提高对不可触及的乳腺病变的定位准确性，正确引导外科手术。     

Immunophenotypic analysis of human spleen compartments.

Microanatomical compartments of the human spleen are yet under evaluation as most of the present information comes from experiments on animals with different anatomical structures. Immune staining of stromal and blood-born cells by cell surface antigens facilitates the differentiation of functional microanatomical compartmentalization of immune organs, including the spleen. Twenty-two specimens from healthy adult subjects with the average age of 35.6 +/- 13.8 (Range 17 to 58) years were included in this study. Monoclonal antibodies used in this study were supplied from the 5th, 6th and 7th International Workshops and Conferences on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens. Tetraspan antigens presented a rather unique staining pattern in the human spleen, suggesting special roles for each (CD9, CD53, CD63, CD151 and CD231) in certain locations. Sinus lining cells presented a distinctive antigenic profile, sharing both endothelial cell (CD31, CD36, CD54, CD62P, CD102, CD105, CD106 and CD146) and macrophage lineage characteristics. The sheathed capillaries were not restricted to the perifollicular zone alone. Extracellular matrix receptors (CD49 a, CD49 b, CD49 c, CD49 e, CD49f, CD29 and CD44) stained the penicillary arterioles and vascular smooth muscle. These molecules were also found on the vascular endothelium. Leukocyte antigens (CD11a, CD11b, CD22, CD43, CD45, CD45RB, CD45RO and CD50) were mainly expressed in the white and red pulp of the spleen at different intensities, excluding the penicillary arterioles. Activation antigens (CD26, CD71 and CD98) presented a diffuse and broad staining pattern. In conclusion, microanatomical compartmentalization, microcirculation and function of the human spleen were evaluated using a wide panel of monoclonal antibodies.