PICC置管失败转颈内静脉置管的探讨

目的 对PICC置管失败患者转颈内静脉置管,以减轻患者经济负担,减少医疗资源浪费,确保患者完成化疗.方法 对PICC置管失败的11例乳腺癌患者,在严格无菌操作下中转右侧颈内静脉置管术.结果 11例均一次置管成功,导管留置时间132～186 d,顺利完成6～8周期化疗.结论 对PICC置管失败者采取颈内静脉途径置管补救,可达到预期效果.     

内镜置入可膨式金属胆道支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效观察

目的 比较内镜置入可膨式金属胆道支架与手术治疗对恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的疗效及生存期,分析预后影响因素.方法 对同期56例内镜置入支架及90例手术的恶性梗阻性黄疽患者资料进行回顾性分析并随访生存情况,比较两组治疗前后血清生化指标及术后远期存活情况.结果 支架及手术均可显著降低血清胆红素及胆系酶(P＜0.01),两者在降低总胆红素方面差异无统计学意义.支架组和手术组的中位生存时间分别为340 d和795 d,两组术后3、6、12个月累积生存率分别为82.6％、61.1％、46.4％和97.0％、90.9％、65.4％,两组的累积生存率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).原发肿瘤伴转移、高位胆管梗阻的患者,支架组和手术组的生存期相仿.结论 内镜下置入支架与手术相比,对恶性梗阻性黄疸患者有同样的退黄效果,而对于延长患者的生存时间无明显作用.对手术无法切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,经内镜置入可膨式金属胆道支架是安全有效的治疗方法.     

肝脏和脾脏炎性假瘤样滤泡树突细胞肿瘤的临床病理分析

目的 探讨炎性假瘤样滤泡树突细胞肿瘤的临床病理特征及生物学行为.方法 收集中国医科大学附属盛京医院病理科2001-2010年诊断为肝脏炎性假瘤样滤泡树突细胞肿瘤(1例)、肝脏和脾脏炎性假瘤病例(13例)资料、复查HE切片、进行免疫组化染色、EB病毒编码的核RNA(Epstein-Barr virus encoded nuclear RNA,EBER)原位杂交,并追踪患者预后.结果 免疫组化染色和EBER原位杂交证实,13例肝脏和脾脏炎性假瘤中有1例为脾脏炎性假瘤样滤泡树突细胞肿瘤,有特殊的组织学形态;1例肝脏炎性假瘤样滤泡树突细胞肿瘤则经进一步检查证实,其组织形态与文献报道一致.2例患者均为女性,术后分别随访2.5年、6年均健在.结论 炎性假瘤样滤泡树突细胞肿瘤应从炎性假瘤中分离出来,此病非常少见.该肿瘤主要发生于肝脏和脾脏,确诊依赖组织形态和免疫组化.其生物学行为相对惰性,属于低度恶性肿瘤,手术彻底切除是根本的治疗方法.本文2例为炎性假瘤样滤泡树突细胞肿瘤的相对惰性的生物学行为提供了进一步的证据.     

胫骨平台骨折三柱分型的可信度评价

 目的 研究胫骨平台骨折三柱分型不同观察者间的可信度,并与传统Schatzker分型进行比较,证实三柱分型的可靠性。方法 2004年12月至2007年3月,对胫骨平台骨折患者进行三柱分型,根据分型选择手术切口和治疗。采用随机数表法从304例（323膝）胫骨平台骨折中抽取50例,选择4位未参与该项手术的工作人员,在规定时间内完成对每例胫骨平台骨折的三柱分型和Schatzker分型的评估。评估结束后使用Kappa值计算4组相关度,以比较评价三柱分型和Schatzker分型的可信度差别。结果 323膝胫骨平台骨折中,0柱骨折4膝（1.2%）,单柱骨折181膝（56.0%）,双柱骨折108膝（33.4%）,三柱骨折30膝（9.3%）。在单柱骨折中,外侧柱114膝（63.0%）,内侧柱53膝（29.3%）,后侧柱14膝（7.7%）。在双柱骨折中,外侧柱合并内侧柱36膝（33.3%）,内侧柱合并后侧柱34膝（31.5%）,外侧柱合并后侧柱38膝（35.2%）。三柱分型的可信度Kappa值为0.766（0.706～0.890),属于基本可信程度;Schatzker分型的可信度Kappa值为0.567（0.513～0.589）,属于中度可信程度。结论 基于CT和三维重建的胫骨平台骨折三柱分型直观明了,具有较高可信度,建议作为新的分型系统在临床推广和应用。     

Factors associated with non-orthotopic urinary diversion after radical cystectomy

Introduction

Preoperative factors favoring the performance of non-orthotopic bladder substitution (OBS) after radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer were identified.

Patients and methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 730 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. After excluding 75 patients who were unable to undergo OBS due to the tumor location or elevated serum creatinine level, we assessed the preoperative factors in the remaining 655 patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the independent preoperative predictors of type of urinary diversion.

Results

Of the 655 patients, 171 (26.1%) underwent non-OBS. Patients who underwent non-OBS were more likely to be older and females, to have a lower educational status, non-organ confined disease, more comorbid medical conditions, more impaired performance status, lower body mass index, anemia, azotemia, and hypoalbuminemia, and to be treated by less-experienced surgeons (P?<?0.05 each). After adjusting for provider-based factors, multivariate analysis showed that factors independently associated with non-OBS included advanced age (odds ratio [OR] 4.10, P?<?0.001), female gender (OR 2.08, P?=?0.027), ECOG performance status (??1 vs 0, OR 5.20, P?<?0.001), low educational status (OR 1.59, P?=?0.042), clinically node-positive disease (OR 2.36, P?=?0.003), anemia (OR 1.67, P?=?0.041), azotemia (OR 3.97, P?<?0.001), and hypoalbuminemia (OR 1.84, P?=?0.046).

Conclusion

Several patient-based as well as provider-based factors were associated with the type of urinary diversion after radical cystectomy. Advanced age, female gender, low performance status, low education level, clinically node-positive disease, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and azotemia were associated with non-OBS, as surgery was performed by relatively inexperienced surgeons.     

Osteogenesis response to implanted materials in endocortical bone in rat femora

BackgroundOrthopedic surgeons and dentists often implant materials to repair bone tissue defects and restore physiological functions of bone organs. The clinical success depends on adequate bone formation in operation sites. However, the real cause of osteogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. To investigate the bone response to implanted materials, this study examined the bone tissue reaction in rat femoral medullary canal, which received gelatin and collagen as foreign-body materials.MethodsA total of 36 six-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and meanly divided into three groups. In the gelatin group, the bilateral femora received gelatin material; in the collagen group, they were implanted with type I collagen, and in the control group, the femora suffered from sham operation with no materials inserted. After 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, specimens were harvested and subjected to a series of examinations.ResultsAfter 2 weeks of healing, a significant upregulation of both alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin by both kinds of implanted materials relative to the control (sham implantation group) was seen in gene expression analysis. Strong reactivity of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of NFκB ligand was detected in the two test groups in immunohistochemistry at 4 weeks of healing. Also, micro-CT revealed an increase in cortical bone thickness in the two test groups as compared to the control group. Densitometry showed increased bone mineral density in the bone receiving materials after 12 weeks, leading to the enhanced maximum load in the test groups.ConclusionsThese results indicated that the implanted materials led to an osteogenesis response in rat femoral medullary canal. Thus, we probably should reconsider the potential cascades of tissue reaction when utilizing orthopedic and dental implants and other materials to recover bone related-organ function and repair bone defects.     

阴茎白膜修补术治疗阴茎折断的远期效果及其对勃起功能的影响

目的 探讨白膜修补术治疗阴茎折断的远期效果及其对勃起功能的影响.方法 回顾性分析我院1993年7月至2011年1月的15例阴茎折断患者的临床资料.术后进行随访观察阴茎白膜修补术治疗效果,并通过国际勃起功能评分-5 (IIEF-5)问卷调查,评估手术白膜修补术后对勃起功能的影响.结果 随访15例患者,年龄17～46岁,平均(30.5±3.2)岁;均已婚;发生于性交过程13例(86.7％),因手淫时自行按压勃起阴茎所致1例,阴茎勃起状态时跌伤所致1例.根据病史、临床表现、物理检查及超声波检查临床确诊阴茎折断.阴茎白膜修补术治疗13例(86.7％),轻度白膜损伤而局部血肿不明显、保守治疗2例.阴茎海绵体白膜破裂均为单侧,无尿道损伤.平均随访时间1～7年[(3±1.9)]年.阴茎白膜修补术治疗13例患者术后3个月恢复正常性生活,IIEF-5评分平均(22.1±1.6)分,较损伤前勃起功能(23.1±2.6)分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),性生活满意.阴茎外形轻度弯曲(＜15度)1例,无疼痛、硬结.结论 阴茎折断的诊断主要依据典型临床表现、体检和超声波检查确诊.阴茎折断白膜损伤严重者及时白膜修补术治疗,远期效果好,不影响勃起功能.     

标准化屋尘螨特异性免疫治疗中的安全管理

目的 评价安全管理在哮喘及变应性鼻炎患儿标准化屋尘螨变应原特异性免疫治疗中的作用,以便更安全地实施特异性免疫治疗.方法 在147例(4 715例次)患儿标准化屋尘螨特异性免疫治疗中实施安全管理,包括对患儿的状态评估、病情观察,密切监测呼气峰流速、肺功能,个体化调整变应原剂量,健康教育等,并与实施安全管理前的124例(2 600例次)患儿比较全身不良反应发生率.结果 实施安全管理后患儿全身不良反应发生率显著低于管理前(P＜0.01).结论 在标准化屋尘螨变应原特异性免疫治疗过程中,加强安全管理可降低患儿全身不良反应发生率.     

芒硝外敷联合通腑合剂保留灌肠治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻的护理

目的 探讨芒硝外敷联合通腑合剂保留灌肠治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻的疗效及护理方法.方法 按随机数字表法将100例早期炎性肠梗阻患者分为观察组和对照组各50例,观察组在西医常规治疗的基础上,配合使用芒硝外敷及通腑合剂保留灌肠,对照组则配合生理盐水保留灌肠.结果 治疗后观察组肠鸣音恢复时间、肛门排气时间、中医症候疗效指数、住院时间及临床疗效显著优于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 芒硝外敷联合通腑合剂保留灌肠及西医常规治疗可提高术后早期炎性肠梗阻治疗效果.     

计算机辅助膝内翻及外翻畸形分析和精确矫形

目的探讨计算机辅助膝关节内外翻畸形分析和精确矫形的新方法,评价计算机辅助技术在膝内外翻畸形治疗中的价值。方法2005年9月～2010年9月共收治膝内、外翻畸形患者18例;膝内翻4例,膝外翻14例。其中男6例,女12例;年龄14～54岁,平均25．4岁。所有患者采用薄层CT扫描获取双下肢的二维图像数据,计算机辅助建立的双下肢三维解剖模型,将双下肢三维解剖模型导入逆向工程软件Imageware中,通过计算机辅助精确测量股骨角、胫股角、胫骨关节面夹角等参数,根据计算机辅助测量结果,选择合适的截骨部位、截骨角度,通过提取表面点云数据,CAD设计个性化辅助截骨模板,最后采用计算机模拟设计膝关节内外翻畸形的精确截骨和矫形的手术过程。术中根据计算机辅助模拟的手术方案,对4例膝关节内翻畸形患者采用胫骨近端截骨＋内固定术,14例膝关节外翻畸形患者采用股骨髁上截骨＋内固定术。采用膝关节HSS评分标准评定术前、术后的膝关节功能。结果所有患者均得到随访,随访时间9～36个月,平均18．7个月。术后早期X线证实：膝内、外翻畸形完全矫正,下肢负重力线恢复正常。术前计算机辅助测量与X线的测量值,两者测量无统计学差异（P〉0．05）;术前及术后X线测量的股骨角、胫股角、胫骨关节面夹角等参数对比,具有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。根据膝关节HSS评分标准：术前（55．4±15．2）分,术后半年（81．8±9．6）分,两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。传统方法组与计算机辅助矫形组相比,术后口角、B角和膝关节功能评分具有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。随访期间未发现有内固定失败、骨不愈合、膝内外翻复发、无神经血管损伤等并发症;其中3例患者术后2周出现异体骨排斥反应,给予伤口换药治疗后好转,随访期间未发现骨不愈合。结论采用计算机辅助膝内外翻分析和精确矫形,将膝内外翻畸形的精确矫形提升到数字化水平,具有更加精确、更加可靠、更加良好的治疗效果。